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World War I

World War I. American History II - Unit 3. Review. Compare and contrast military service of white men, black men, and women. White and black men (21-30) – eligible for draft (women were not) Blacks and women not placed in combat positions Blacks served in segregated units

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World War I

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  1. World War I American History II - Unit 3

  2. Review • Compare and contrast military service of white men, black men, and women. • White and black men (21-30) – eligible for draft (women were not) • Blacks and women not placed in combat positions • Blacks served in segregated units • Why did the government have an interest in regulating industries and monitoring labor union activities? • Regulated industries to ensure they met certain production quotas while eliminating waste • Monitored labor union activity to keep production as efficient as possible • What were the 2 main ways the fed gov’t raised money for the war effort? • Increased taxes (income, excise, luxury, etc) • Sale of war bonds • What were 2 effects of anti-German propaganda in the US? • Increased patriotism/nationalism • Increased anti-German/immigrant sentiment • What was the ruling in the SCOTUS case Schenck v. US (1919)? • In times of war, constitutional rights can be limited by the fed gov’t

  3. 3.7 – Peace PLANS and WWI Consequences https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3knLAv_9uU&index=3&list=PLDyAuMyhVKYcoGg0V3twTnah0WLzQHdVE

  4. Big Four Meet • January 1918 – Pre-treaty talks - the “Big Four” met in the Palace of Versailles outside Paris to create a plan to prevent another “Great War” • US – Woodrow Wilson • BG – David Lloyd George • France – Georges Clemenceau • Italy – Vittorio Orlando • Allied leaders wanted to punish Germany • Wilson presented his Fourteen Points

  5. Wilson’s Fourteen Points • Fourteen Points – Wilson’s plan for world peace after WWI • Mostly rejected by Allied leaders • Wilson underestimated their vengeful feelings towards Germany  conceded most points, in return for the establishment of the League of Nations

  6. Treaty of Versailles • June 28, 1919 – Palace of Versailles, Big Four and defeated Central Power leaders met to sign the peace treaty • Treaty of Versailles • Establishment of League of Nations • 9 new countries • France and GB split Ottoman Empire into colonies to be independent “when ready” • No army for Germany • Germany must accept war guilt (soleresponsibility for war) and pay reparations (war damages) to Allies - $33B

  7. Treaty of Versailles • Treaty’s weaknesses • Harsh treatment of Germany prevented post-war resolution • Humiliated by war guilt requirement • Impossible to pay reparations due to war debt • Angered by loss of colonial possession • Russia felt betrayed by Allies • Excluded from treaty meetings • Lost more territory than Germany • 1922 – “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics,” determined to get territories back • No self-determination for any colonies as their calls for increased political rights intensified • Sowing the seeds for WWII…

  8. US Sentiment Towards Treaty of Versailles • Main domestic opposition to ToV centered on the League of Nations • Threatened US isolationism by furthering US entanglement in European affairs • Threatened US self-determination - Henry Cabot Lodge – conservative US senator • Entering into stronger alliances would prevent US from acting on its own interests • Alliances would undermine the power of Congress to declare war

  9. Wilson’s Refuses to Compromise • Wilson’s idealistic beliefs and inability to budge on compromise  Senate did not approve the ToV or US entrance into the League of Nations • 1919 – Wilson toured the US to explain the benefits of signing the ToV and joining the League of Nations  suffered a stroke 3 weeks in • Nov. 1919 – Senate voted again to not sign the ToV or join the League of Nations • 1921 – US signed separate treaty with Germany; never joined the League of Nations but served as an observer at meetings

  10. International Consequences of WWI • Treaty of Versailles provided for no peace, actually increased tensions • Mass destruction in Europe - physical and economic • Germany in ruin – frustrated and humiliated people wanting a strong leader • Communist state established in Russia (USSR)

  11. Domestic Consequences of WWI – Economic/Labor • Accelerated US emergence as world’s greatest industrial power • Brought over 1 million women into the workforce in new careers  unemployment for returning soldiers • The Great Migration – movement of blacks from south to north looking for jobs • Laborers exhausted and desiring improved wages and conditions  increased strikes post-WWI

  12. Domestic Consequences of WWI - Political • Increased isolationism – a policy of pulling away from involvement in world affairs • Distrust and fear of communism – an economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictatorship • To achieve equal wealth  end private property with gov’t ownership of industries and businesses • Opposite of capitalism

  13. Domestic Consequences of WWI – Social • Increase in nativism – prejudice against foreign-born people • “Keep America for Americans” • Fear of socialism and communism  many immigrants were from Central Power countries AND/OR involved in socialist-led labor disputes • Resurgence of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) • 1924 – 4.5 members, “while male persons, native-born gentile citizens” • Anti-immigrant, anti-black, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic • Increase in public events (ex: parades, conventions) and racial violence (ex: lynching)

  14. Domestic Consequences of WWI – Social • Nativism and fear of communism  Red Scare - period of intense fear and paranoia of communists in America after WW1 • Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks instituted communist gov’t in Russia calling for the end of capitalism world-wide • Red flag – the “Reds” • 70,000 US Communist party members blamed for bombs mailed to gov’t officials 1919 Palmer Raids • US Attorney General Palmer and assistant J. Edgar Hoover hunted down suspected communists, socialist, and anarchists (those opposed to organized gov’t) • Searched private property, denied legal counsel, deported without trials  violation of civil liberties • Palmer never found evidence of explosives

  15. Domestic Consequences of WWI – Social • Nativism, Red Scare, Palmer Raids  ruined reputations and wrecked lives • May 1920 – Sacco and Vanzetti arrested and charged with robbery and murder of a factory paymaster in MA • Italian immigrants, anarchists, draft evaders • Provided alibis, evidence was circumstantial , judge was clearly prejudiced • Jury sentenced them to death  protests in the US, Europe, and Latin America • 1927 - Death by electric chair

  16. Domestic Consequences of WWI – Social • Nativist pressure influenced Congress to pass laws limiting immigration from certain countries  Emergency Quota Act of 1921 • Instituted a quota system – sets limits on how many immigrants can enter the country per year • 2% of the nationals currently living in the US  aimed to drastically limit southern/eastern European and Japanese immigrants

  17. Final Thoughts… • After WWI, Americans wanted a return to “normalcy” or the simpler days  increased isolation and focus on domestic affairs • Internationally, the conditions are prime for more conflicts…

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