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The Physical Causes of Relativity. 1. Taking RELATIVITY back from Principles to Physical Processes by Albrecht Giese Hamburg, Germany London 2008. The Physical Causes of Relativity. 2. Contents. Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? Special Relativity Origin of Mass General Relativity. ‘.
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The Physical Causes of Relativity 1 Taking RELATIVITYback from Principles to Physical ProcessesbyAlbrecht Giese Hamburg, GermanyLondon 2008
The Physical Causes of Relativity 2 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 3 Question:How is “space” measured? Examples from geodesy: ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 8 ? ? ? ? ? ? ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 9 Space & Time Space is nota physical object Space isa concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Space Objects Fields X ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 10 Space & Time Time is nota physical object Time isa concept of the human mind Consequence: replace Time Elementary oscillations X ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 11 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 12 The Elements of Special Relativity • Contraction • Dilation • Constancy of c • Increase of Mass • Energy-Mass Relation ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 13 Special Relativity:History of the contraction Electric fields contract at motion 1888: O. Heaviside Objects contract at motion 1889 G.F. FitzGerald Michelson-Morley apparatus contracts at motionwhich explains the null-result of the experiment: 1892: H.A. Lorentz Sufficient to understand relativity? The experiment cannot be explained by pure contraction Needs dilationalso 1932: R.J. Kennedy E.M.Thorndike ‘ ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 14 Special Relativity:History of the internal motion Motion at c of the ‘smallest objects’ 1908: J. Ziegler Internal oscillation causes ‘matter waves’frequency: 1924: L. de Broglie Relativistic QM-function of the electron: 1928: P. Dirac Evaluation of the Dirac Function: 1930: E. Schrödinger c ‘ Zitterbewegung ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 15 “Zitterbewegung” (Schrödinger) Completed Structure of an Elementary Particle: (de Broglie1924) (Dirac / Schrödinger1928/30) (Spin, mag. moment) orbit (Momentum law) (Relativity) No conflict with the electron experiments ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity Pythagoras 2 2 2 = - q c v i.e. the Lorentz - Factor = p T 2 R c = p T ' 2 R q 2 T ' c v g = = = - 1 / 1 2 T q c v 16 Special Relativity:Dilation „Speed of proper time“ ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity d 2 T ' c v g = = = - 1 / 1 2 T q c 17 Special Relativity: Measuring ‘c’ v At rest: Measurement of d and T: d = fixed ; T = 2d/c measured cm = 2d/T = c Lab in motion with v: d = fixed Measurement of d and T: T = d/(c-v) + d/(c+v) = 2cd/(c2 - v2) = 2d/c * 2 measured cm = 2d’/T’ with d’ = d/ i.e. the Lorentz - Factor T’ = T* measured cm = 2d’/T’ = 2d/T/ 2 = c* 2 / 2= c ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 18 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 19 The Origin of Mass: Bind of the Basic Particles ‘ /rmass
The Physical Causes of Relativity 20 Bind of the Basic Particles r F F r ‘ /rmass
The Physical Causes of Relativity 21 The Mass Equation universal for all elem. particles! The classical magnetic moment: Radius R computed from the magnetic moment and then inserted above the correct mass m = Bohr magneton in case of the electron universally valid for all elem. particles Or both equations combined: ‘ ‘ /rmass
The Physical Causes of Relativity 22 Mass and Increase of Mass ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Relativistic increase of mass: From Putting the object to motion: Spin: Classical angular momentum ‘ /rmass
The Physical Causes of Relativity Higgs Boson Higgs Boson 23 The Origin of MassExisting Models Vacuum fluctuations Higgs Model Basic Particle Model ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 24 Contents • Introduction: “Space” and “Time”? • Special Relativity • Origin of Mass • General Relativity ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 25 The Shapiro-Experiment: Einstein‘s view: this is a seeming reduction of c c c P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 26 The gravitational field of the sun: P=1/2 or 1 depending on direction Einstein‘s view: the path ís straight but the space is curved The application of classical refraction yields for the vertex: Integrating deflection from – to + yields: 1.75 arcsec …. with Newton: 0.88 arcsec Now: Acceleration at rest!! This was the great breakthrough for Einstein in 1919 (Solar eclipse)!! ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity • Gravit.Source 27 Elementary Particle in a Gravitational Field (with Vertical Axis): • c • c No dependency of the mass! ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 28 Formal Result of General Relativity (Gravity) Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: ‘ Schwarzschild Solution /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 29 Results of General Relativity (Gravity) Schwarzschild Solution: • is the basis fortheproofs of General Relativity: • Perihelion Advance • Gravitational Lensing • … ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity Riemann Geometry Field Equations 30 As a comparison: The Schwarzschild Solution derived with Einstein ‘
The Physical Causes of Relativity 31 The Schwarzschild Solution derived without Einstein Reduced speed of light c for radial motion for tangential motion in radial direction Reduced field distance Lorentz Transformation(time-related) Speed split into radial/tangential portion Now Gravity: Schwarzschild Solution ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 32 What is Gravity? Gravity is the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object But: What is the physical reason for the change of the speed of light ‘c’ in the vicinity of an object? ‘ www.ag-physics.org
The Physical Causes of Relativity 33 Why is ‘c’ reduced? --> by the perturbed path of a light-like particle c Force is the Strong Force This solves Quantum Gravity! Averagespeed < c Reduction of c independent of Radius independent of mass ‘ /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 34 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun Light Particles(Photons) Gravitational field of the ‘Core’ Core The density of the light particles: c The number of light particles up to r: Observer Gravitational field of photons at r: r ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 35 Gravitational Field of Light Particles at the Sun per Distance Photons (“dark matter”) dominate Core dominates Sun surface 3 kpc ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity
The Physical Causes of Relativity 36 Rotation of the Galaxy NGC 3198 halo (of dark matter) photons ‘ www.ag-physics.org
The Physical Causes of Relativity 37 Summary What are the benefits of this model of gravity? The model can easily be understood The model explains: The “only attracting” effect The “Dark Matter” phenomenon The model maintains: The classical (and naïve) understanding of space and time The model avoids: Conflicts between gravity and quantum theory QUANTUM GRAVITY BECOMES OBSOLETE The necessity of the Equivalence Principle (which is an fact derived here) The force #4 assigned to gravity (non-existent; step towards a unified theory) ‘ ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity
Basing Relativity on Physical Processes 38 The End ‘ www.ag-physics.org /gravity