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Chapter 6: Semantics…

Chapter 6: Semantics…. … the Study of Meaning NOTES: About exercising : it keeps you healthy: physically & mentally… I’ve tried to match the slides to the order of the textbook this time… . What is “Truth”? - Pilate- c 33AD. I went to Bi-Lo this morning Bi-Lo is a grocery store

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Chapter 6: Semantics…

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  1. Chapter 6: Semantics… … the Study of Meaning NOTES: About exercising: it keeps you healthy: physically & mentally… I’ve tried to match the slides to the order of the textbook this time…

  2. What is “Truth”? - Pilate- c 33AD • I went to Bi-Lo this morning Bi-Lo is a grocery store • You are too young to drinkYou are not old enough to drink • Dave spent 4 years in Tokyo, JapanDave was once in Tokyo, Japan

  3. Truth & Contradiction • Paraphrase: • Two sentences: the same truth conditions • Entailment • JFK was assassinated  __________ • Contradictions • *The king is a woman • Anomalies • Colorless green ideas sleep furiously

  4. What I meant to say was…

  5. Principle of Compositionality The meaning of a sentence comes (mostly) from its constituents and the way they are positioned.

  6. Ambiguity • The man saw the fish with binoculars.

  7. You Try it • Create an ambiguous sentence… • How does ambiguity relate to compositionality, truth, entailment, etc?

  8. Think About It… What are some benefits & dangers of ambiguity in our communication?

  9. Types of Meaning • Linguistic • Reference • GWB became the 43rd president • Meaning • Al Gore nearly became GWB???? • Social • Y’all • Affective • How many times have I asked you to…

  10. It all depends… Band practice… My house 6 to 8 Band practice… My house 6 to 8 Band practice… My house 6 to 8 Band practice… My house 6 to 8 Thanks for the reminder Thanks for the reminder Thanks for the warning Thanks for the reminder

  11. Pragmatics • What’s the message? • My wife in the car while we’re driving… • “I’m getting cold…” • Me sitting making these slides… • “Honey, do we have any fruit…?”

  12. Why “Fine”? … Why Ask?

  13. Any Questions… … before we move on?

  14. Systematicness of Language Phonology Syntax Lexis Predictable Unpredictable

  15. Word Relationships • Hyponymy • Color – Red, blue, green, etc. • Converseness • Reciprocal relationship • Polysemy & Homonymy • Plain • Bat

  16. Nose Hana (Japanese) Nos(Russian) Fuzzy Concepts (Lexical Semantics) Ice Rain

  17. Think About It… How can knowing about word relationships help us study another language or communicate with a non-native speaker of English?

  18. Any Questions… … before we move on?

  19. Meaning Categories • Tense & Modality • Deixis

  20. Semantic Roles • Verb-Centered • Agent  one doing the action • Theme (patient)  one receiving the action • Experiencer  one who perceives • Identify A, T & E below (two in each…) • Humpty-Dumpty sat on a wall. • Bo Peep pushed Humpty off the wall • Miss Muffet heard Humpty shatter

  21. Thematic Roles?

  22. Themes in other lanaguages • Apache • *My horse kicked me • I allowed myself to be kicked by my horse • German • In diesem hotel sind hunde verboten • In this hotel are dogs forbidden • * This hotel forbids dogs

  23. Think About It… How do thematic roles apply to how we create sentences?

  24. Any Questions…. … before we move on?

  25. Maxims of Conversation Grice, 1975

  26. Maxim of Conversation #1 • Relevance • Be relevant

  27. Maxim of Conversation #2 • Quantity • Be as informative as required…

  28. Maxim of Conversation #3 • Quality • Truthful, Supportable claims

  29. Maxim of Conversation #4 • Manner • Brief, orderly • Not ambiguous nor obscure

  30. Recommended Exercises 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15 Enough of each to get the point

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