فارس، ایران

1. Fars, Iran فارس، ایران روی کفتم که در جهان بنهم گردم از ثید بنگی آزاد. که نه نترون پارس منزل هست شام و روم و بصره و بغداد. I said, turn your path to the greater world, So I should be free of the chains of slavery. But I found no place for me outside of Fars, Not Syria, not Anatolia, not Basra, and not Baghdad. -Hafez

2. General information • Population: ~4,400,000 ۴۴۰۰۰۰۰ Qashqai. Mamasani Lurs, Khamseh, and Kohkiluyeh • Official Languages: Farsi, Qashqai, and Luri (Mamasani) • Climate: Mountains: moderate winders, mild summers; Central: rainy winters, hot dry summers; South: moderate winters, very hot summers • Economy: agriculture (cereal, citruses, dates, cotton, sugar beets), electronics, petrochemicals, and tourism

3. History تاریخ • Pre-Achamenian Era (728BC-559BC) • Achamenian Era (560BC-330BC) • Achamenian Posers (Parthians) • Sassanid Era (226AD-651AD) • Arab invasion • Hot potato dynasties • Pahlavi dynasty • Islamic Revolution 1979

4. Ancient cities The first capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Pasargadae, lies in ruins 43 kilometers from Persepolis. The modern name comes from the Greek meaning the garden of Pars. Persepolis is situated 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province of modern Iran Persepolis was first constructed by Darius I. It was finished during the reign of Artaxerxes I, Darius’s grandson. Naqsh-i Rustam was the tomb of four kings that was cut into the side of a cliff. The first king to be buried in there was Darius I and has long since been looted. Over a century after Xerxes burned Athens to the ground, Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and burned Persepolis in revenge.

5. Points of interest in Shiraz Shiraz, the City of Poets, is best known for its Bagh or gardens. Two of the most beautiful gardens are part of the tombs of Iran's most famous poets.

6. Food: maqilba, mokhla, shokhtu, zonaj, grapes, melons, cheese, sugars • Exports: grapes (mesqali and qureh), flower essences (violet, jasmine, and narcissus from Bishapur), textiles, mosaic art, silverware • Life: Religion(borj al-owliya), violence(some time ago), hedonism(rendan), learning(dar al-elm), culture • Ruling Elite*: Ruler and court, Advisor/Minister, Qazi al’Qozat, Judge and Scholar, and Sheikh al-Eslam • Centers of Power*: Seyyeds (Alavis), Guilds, neighborhoods, and mobs • Wine-producers are often, but not always, either of Armenian or Zoroastrian background, as non-Muslim minority groups are entitled the right to produce wine (and other alcoholic beverages) for their own use. پیران خاهل شیخان گمراه وزفعل عاند استغفر الاه مارا به رندی افسانه کردند از دست زاهد کردیم توبه شیراز شهر گل و بلبل خوشا شیراز و وضع نی مثالش خداوندا نگهدار از زوالش که هریاری گرفتم بیوفائی صفاهونم صفاهونم چه جئی که درهر منزلم صد آشنائی شوم یک سر برونم تا به شیراز The best Shirazi wines were grown in terraced vineyards around the village of Khoullar. These wines were white and existed in two different styles: dry wines for drinking young, and sweet wines meant for aging. شهر شراب نیست *time of hafez

7. Food and poetry • Persian food is da bomb. Baklava is even better. • Poetry:Nima Yushij is considered the father of modern Persian poetry. The transformation brought about by Nima Youshij, who freed Persian poetry from the fetters of prosodic measures, was a turning point in a long literary tradition. • Satire: نجم الدین عبید زاکانیUbayd-i Zākāni Ethics of Aristocracy, loved Shiraz, but native of Qazvin.

8. خواجه شمس‌الدین محمد حافظ شیرازی سعدی • (1184-1213)-(1283-1291) • Bustan (The Orchard) completed in 1257: virtuous stories and commentary on the behavior and practices of dervishes written in verse • Gulistan (The Rose Garden) completed 1258: stories and personal anecdotes written in prose divided by short poems • Western fanboys: Alexander Pushkin, Andre du Ryer, Adam Olearius, Goethe, Ralph Waldo Emerson and the U.N. • اگه بخانید آن را در ته؛ شما نخندید میخواهیم لطفا. • چون بیاید هنوز خرباشد خرعیس گرش بمکه بر بد • Persian mystic and poet • Born (1310-1325) in Shiraz as shamseddin Mohammad • Died (1388-1389) in Shiraz, buried in the Musalla Gardens • Rubaiyat 13 Every friend who talked of love, became a foe.Every eagle shifted its shape to a crow.They say the night is pregnant, and I say,Who is the father? And how do you know? هر دوست که دم زد ز وفا دشمن شد هر پاکروی که بود تردامـن شد گویند شب آبستن و این است عجب کاو مرد ندید از چه آبستـن شد • Verse 7, Ghazal 79 Neither Hafiz’s corpse, nor his life negate,With all his misdeeds, heavens for him wait. قدم دریغ مدار از جـنازه حافـظ که گر چه غرق گناه است می‌رود به بهشت • بنی آدم اعضای یک پیکرندکه در آفرينش ز یک گوهرندچو عضوى به درد آورد روزگاردگر عضوها را نماند قرارتو کز محنت دیگران بی غمینشاید که نامت نهند آدمیHuman beings are members of a whole, • In creation of one essence and soul.If one member is afflicted with pain, • Other members uneasy will remain.If you have no sympathy for human pain, • The name of human you cannot retain.

9. Tribes طایقه • Qashqa’i قشقاعی • Lurs/Luri لر(~300,000) from Buyer Ahmad Province, some called Mamasani • Many are still pastoral nomads, but mostly settled

10. Qashqa’i قشقاعی Population: ~1.5 million Languages: Persian and Qashqa’i(unwritten) History: migrated between 11-12th century, formed under the name Qashqa’i in the early 18th century, formed a confederacy in the 19th century and begin to grow more integrated into modern society. Music: http://www.qashqai.net/music.html Products: wool, cheeses, curds, dairy products, barley, wheat, carpets and rugs Religion: very unobservant Shia Muslims