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Chapter 8

Chapter 8. Growth and Development. Growth. Physical changes in body Height Weight Motor sensory adaptation Development of sex organs. Development. Increase in mental, emotional, and social capabilities Intellectual (cognitive) ability Variety in expression of emotions

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Chapter 8

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  1. Chapter 8 Growth and Development

  2. Growth • Physical changes in body • Height • Weight • Motor sensory adaptation • Development of sex organs

  3. Development • Increase in mental, emotional, and social capabilities • Intellectual (cognitive) ability • Variety in expression of emotions • Ability to cope with complex situations • Social and interpersonal skills

  4. Key Terms • Physical • Growth of body • Psychosocial • Psychological and social development • Cognitive • Intellectual processes

  5. Key Concepts • Human needs vary throughout lifespan • Generalizations helpful • But not absolute • Consider each patient unique

  6. Question • If a patient is anxious, which concept of growth and development is being demonstrated? • Physical • Psychosocial • Cognitive

  7. Answer • B. Psychosocial • Psychosocial includes both psychological and social • Psychological • Emotions • E.g., love, hate, fear, anxiety

  8. Answer • B. Psychosocial • Physical • Growth of body • Cognitive • Intellectual processes

  9. Life Stages • Time frames for studying growth and development • Start at conception and end with death • Certain changes and needs characterize each stage

  10. Life Stages • 1950: Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development • Do not include physical aspects • Conflicts encountered in each stage • Resolving these conflicts advances person to next stage

  11. Life Stages • Psychosocial development can be delayed if conflict not resolved • Process continuous over lifespan • Stress can cause regression to earlier stage • Baby boomers

  12. Prenatal • Conception to birth • Zygote • Embryo stage • Fetus • Rapid physical growth • No psychosocial stage

  13. Infancy • Birth to 1 year • Neonate • Infant • Physical growth • Cognitive skills • Trust versus mistrust

  14. Toddler • 1 to 3 years • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Autonomy versus shame and doubt

  15. Preschooler • 3 to 6 years • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Initiative versus guilt

  16. School-Age Child • 6 to 12 years • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Industry versus inferiority

  17. Adolescence • 12 to 20 years • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Identity versus role confusion

  18. Question • Which of the following stages does a toddler fall within according to Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development? • Autonomy versus shame or doubt • Trust versus mistrust • Initiative versus guilt

  19. Answer • A. Autonomy versus shame or doubt • Toddler • Autonomy versus shame or doubt • Infancy • Trust versus mistrust • Preschooler • Initiative versus guilt

  20. Young Adulthood • 20s and 30s • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Intimacy versus isolation

  21. Middle Adulthood • 40 to 65 years • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Generativity versus stagnation • Chronic illness more likely to appear

  22. Later Adulthood • Young-old • 65 to 74 years • Middle-old • 75 to 84 years • Old-old (frail elderly) • 85 years to death

  23. Later Adulthood • Physical changes • Motor sensory ability • Cognitive skills • Ego integrity versus despair

  24. Care Considerations • Do not assume • Do not stereotype • Each stage has different care needs • All need respect, compassion, and empathy

  25. Question • Which of the following age groups would include the care consideration of giving explanations along with the rationale? • Toddler • Preschooler • Adolescent

  26. Answer • C. Adolescent • Adolescent would benefit most by giving rationales • Toddler and preschooler not as cognitively developed

  27. Other Theories • Piaget’s Cognitive Stages • Kohlberg’s Moral Stages • Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care

  28. Piaget’s Cognitive Stages • Focus on children only • Sensorimotor • Preoperational • Concrete operational • Formal operational

  29. Kohlberg’s Moral Stages • Focus on moral development of humans • Pre-conventional • Conventional • Postconventional

  30. Gilligan’s Stages of the Ethic of Care • Included females in her study • Preconventional • Conventional • Postconventional

  31. Question • Which of the theorists focused on moral development in males?A. KohlbergB. GilliganC. Piaget

  32. Answer • A. Kohlberg’s theory focused on moral development in males. • Gilligan – ethics of care focused on development in females • Piaget – focus on children’s cognition

  33. Future Trends • Change in viewing and caring for later adulthood patients • Older people healthier, more active, and more verbal

  34. William H. Thomas • Does not assign specific ages • Cyclic nature of aging • Infant • Adolescent • Adult • Senescence • Elderhood

  35. Question • True or False: • Dr. William Thomas breaks the life span into five groupings with a specific assigned age range for each.

  36. Answer • False • Dr. William Thomas has five groupings • But does not assign specific age ranges

  37. Death and Dying • Terminal illness • Natural process • Last stage of human development • Elisabeth Kübler-Ross • Need for open communications • Life review

  38. Stages of Dying • Denial • Anger • Bargaining • Depression • Acceptance

  39. Question • True or False: • Moving away from the family home to go to school can result in a process similar to the death and dying stages identified by Elisabeth Kübler-Ross.

  40. Answer • True • When there is a perceived loss, the suffering and grieving process can be initiated

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