Chapter 3 – Ohms Law, Energy and Power Topics Ohm’s Law Energy and Power Power Ratings

1. Chapter 3 – Ohms Law, Energy and Power Topics Ohm’s Law Energy and Power Power Ratings Energy Conversion and Voltage Drop Power Supplies and Batteries Troubleshooting

2. the amount of energy per charge available to move electrons from one point to another in a circuit and is measured in volts. the rate of charge flow and is measured in amperes (amps). the opposition to current and is measured in ohms. Review of V, I, and R Voltage is Current is Resistanceis

3. Ohm’s law • Most important fundamental law in electronics • Relates voltage, current, and resistance. • Georg Simom formulated the equation I = Current V = Voltage or energy (E) R = Resistance What is the current in a circuit with a 12 V source if the resistance is 10 W? 1.2 A

4. If you need to solve for voltage, Ohm’s law is: What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the current is 26.5 mA? 18 V

5. 115 V If you need to solve for resistance, Ohm’s law is: What is the resistance of the bulb? 132 W

6. IF: • Resistance is held Constant and • Voltage Changes • What happens to current?

7. IF: • Resistance Changes and • Voltage is held Constant • What happens to current?

8. What is the System Current?

9. A student takes data for a resistor and fits the straight line shown to the data. What is the conductance and the resistance of the resistor? G = The slope represents the conductance. The reciprocal of the conductance is the resistance:

10. Graphic aid for the Ohm’s law

11. What is the system current State your knowns and value required!! 100 5.0 I = I = 20*10-3 amp or “X?” mAmp

12. What is the System Voltage? 56k Vs = 280 volts Vs = IR Vs = 5 x 10-3 amp * 56 x 103 ohms

13. What is the Resistance of the Photocell? 9.0 R = 5696.2 ohms (5.69 kΩ)

14. Force Energy and Power When a constant force is applied to move an object over a distance, the WORK (W) is the force times the distance. The force must be measured in the same direction as the distance. The unit for work is the newton-meter (N-m) or joule (J). Distance

15. One joule is the work done when a force of one newton is applied through a distance of one meter. A joule is a small amount of work approximately equal to the work done in raising an apple over a distance of 1 m. 1 m The symbol for energy, W, represents work, but should not be confused with the unit for power, the watt, W.

16. Energy is closely related to work. • Energy is the ability to do work. • Measured in the same units as work, • Newton-meter (N-m) (same as a joule (J)). What amount of energy is converted to heat in sliding a box along a floor for 5 meters if the force to move it is 400 n? W = Fd = (400 N)(5 m) = 2000 N-m = 2000 J

17. Energy and Power • Power is the rate of doing work. • Rate means a time unit is required. • Joule per second (J/s) = one watt (W). Work (energy in joules) not Watts What power is developed if the box in the previous example is moved in 10 s? 200 Watts

18. Electrical Energy to Thermal Energy

19. A loss of energy (voltage) by electrons (charge) as they flow through a resistance1. creates a voltage drop2. because voltage equals energy divided by charge.

20. The kilowatt-hour (kWh) is a much larger unit of energy than the joule. • 3.6 x 106 J in a kWh. • kWh is convenient for electrical appliances. What is the energy used in operating a 1200 W heater for 20 minutes? 1200 W = ? kW 1.2 kW X 20minutes/60 minutes/hr = 0.396 kWh 1.2

21. In electrical work, the rate energy is dissipated is dependent on the amount of resistance and the amount of current. Thus: P = I*V and V = I*R Therefore: or Together, the three forms are called Watt’s law.

22. What power is dissipated in a 27 W resistor if the current is 0.135 A? Given that you know the resistance and current, substitute the values into P =I 2R.

23. What power is dissipated by a heater that draws 12 A of current from a 120 V supply? The most direct solution is to use P = IV.

24. 2 V = P The most direct solution is to use R What power is dissipated in a 100 W resistor with 5 V across it?

26. Power rating of a resistor Amount of power a resistor can dissipate without being damaged by the heat generated Small resistors operating in low voltage systems need to be sized for the anticipated power.

27. Resistor failures • Resistor failures are unusual except when they have been subjected to excessive heat. • Look for discoloration (sometimes the color bands appear burned). • Test with an ohmmeter by disconnecting one end from the circuit to isolate it and verify the resistance. • Correct the cause of the heating problem (larger wattage resistor?, wrong value?). Normal Overheated

28. Metal film resistors come in standard power ratings: 1/8 to 1 watt Always choose a resistor with a higher power rating than the power being used in the circuit so that the resistor isn't destroyed by excess heat!

29. Choosing the correct resistor What power rated resistor would you chose for each circuit? 0.833 W => 1 Watt 0.100 W => .125 Watt A resistor on a control board is calculated to require a power of 0.25W. What power rated resistor would you choose?

30. Troubleshooting Some questions to ask before starting any troubleshooting are: • Has the circuit ever worked? • If the circuit once worked, under what conditions did it fail? • What are the symptoms of the failure? • What are the possible causes of the failure?

31. Troubleshooting • Plan the troubleshooting by reviewing pertinent information: • Schematics • Line drawings • Ladder logic • Instruction manuals • Then review when and how the failure occurred • Always, talk with the operator or anyone else having knowledge of the failure

32. OPEN or open circuit • An electric circuit in which the normal path of current has been interrupted, either by the disconnection of one part of its conducting pathway from another, or by the intervention of an electric component, such as a transistor. SHORT or Short Circuit A faulty or accidental connection between two points of different potential in an electric circuit, bypassing the load and establishing a path of low resistance through which an excessive current can flow.

33. Half-splitting method of troubleshooting

34. Power Wheel

35. Key Terms Ohm’s law Linear Energy Power Joule A law stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance. Characterized by a straight-line relationship. The ability to do work. The unit is the joule (J). The rate of energy usage. The SI unit of energy.

36. Key Terms Watt Kilowatt-hour Ampere-hour rating Efficiency The unit of power. One watt is the power when 1 J of energy is used in 1 s. A common unit of energy used mainly by utility companies. A number determined by multiplying the current (A) times the length of time (h) that a battery can deliver that current to a load. The ratio of output power to input power of a circuit, usually expressed as a percent.

37. 1. When the current is plotted against the voltage for a fixed resistor, the plot is a a. straight line with a positive slope b. straight line with a negative slope c. parabola d. hyperbola

38. 2. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the resistance means a. doubling the current b. halving the current c. there is no change in the current d. depends on the amount of voltage

39. 4. If the current in a 330 W resistor is 15 mA, the voltage across it is approximately a. 5.0 V b. 22 V c. 46 V d. 60 V

40. 5. A unit of power is the a. joule b. kilowatt-hour c. both of the above d. none of the above

41. 6. The SI unit of energy is the a. volt b. watt c. joule d. kilowatt-hour

42. 7. If the voltage in a resistive circuit is doubled, the power will be a. halved b. unchanged c. doubled d. quadrupled

43. 8. The approximate power dissipated by a 330 W resistor with 9 V across it is a. ¼ W b. ½ W c. 1 W d. 2 W

44. 9. Before troubleshooting a faulty circuit, you should find out: a. If the circuit ever worked b. The conditions that existed when it failed c. The symptoms of the failure d. All of the above