NEW TRENDS IN WORLD HIGHER EDUCATION

1. NEW TRENDS IN WORLD HIGHER EDUCATION Paul Şerban AGACHI Babeş-Bolyai University DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

2. GLOBALLY COMPETITIVE, LOCALLY ENGAGED DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

3. Outline • Phenomena dominating world Higher Education/ Context • Diversification of HE • World HE landscape • Rankings and benchmarking • European HE landscape • Romanian trends DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

4. Context • Demographic decline in Europe • Global competition for human capital • Increased mobility of the students • Global financial crisis • World Class University …… highly competitive climate DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

5. Evolution of HE(http://www.changinghighereducation.com/2009/07/unescos-world-conference-on-higher-education-.html) • New actors on HE scene(~30,000 HEIs; ~17,000 Unis) • Massification of the HE: • students enrolled in all aspects of postsecondary education around the globe - around 150 million • the number of tertiary students worldwide grew by 50% from 2000 to 2007 • Increased mobility of the students, professors, researchers (ex. 5,6M intnl students in 2020, 2M in 2006) • Globally, the number of university aged people who enrolled in higher education increased from 19% in 2000 to 26% in 2007 DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

6. Evolution of HE(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/) • Private higher education now accounts for 30% of global enrollment • Engineers shortage - threat • New concept of World Class University • Autonomy and accountability • Evaluations, classifications, rankings (first in the USA -1983, Germany - 1998, China - 1998) • Africa – still a problem ( 6% of the relevant age group is enrolled in HE) DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

7. European HE landscape(Europe’s New Higher Education Landscape, EUA) • 5600 HE institutions • 40 M Students • Extremely diverse HEIs belonging to different cultures DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

8. What do we expect from HE(Sybille Reichert, EUA Palermo, 2010) • educate graduates to be critically minded, innovative, analytical, internationally adept, with good communication and team skills • train and retrain people of different backgrounds and qualifications for diverse working contexts/ levels / life phases • produce frontier research to compete internationally for best qualified researchers and research funds and help market knowledge environment to attract foreign investment • produce applied research of relevance for regional and national innovation • solve global environmental, technical, economic, social problems (climate, energy, hunger, health, mobility, access) DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

9. Diversification of HE(Sybille Reichert, EUAPalermo, 2010) • Institutional “diversity“ or “differentiation”: US discussion vs. European • External diversity (institutional profiles) vs. internal diversity (staff, students, programs, HE activity dimensions) • Horizontal vs. vertical differentiation --values attributed to different kinds of institutions/ functions / different types of diversity DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

10. Diversification of HE(Sybille Reichert, EUAPalermo, 2010) • Vertical differentiation = hierarchy of values for different dimensions of HE activities, different mixes among institutions • Horizontal differentiation= parity of esteem • England: Internally conflicted case of vertical diff: explicit diversity policy but strong emphasis on research quality and volume in funding differentiation DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

11. Diversification of HE(Sybille Reichert, EUA Palermo, 2010) • France: shift from professional excellence to research as principle of vertical differentiation in elite part of system • Norway: Traditionally more horizontally differentiated (strong emphasis on regional diversity) becoming more vertically differentiated along research performance measures • Switzerland: values, laws, funding and regional influences support more horizontal differentiation (high level vocational/ professional training highly regarded) • Slovak Rep.: vertical differentiation through inst. typology DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

12. Rankings and benchmarking • HE landscape is very complicated • Who needs information? • Society • Governments • Stakeholders DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

13. World rankings/Regional rankings • China - Shanghai Jiao Tong ARWUranking – 2005 • UK - QS World University Ranking - 2005 • Taiwan - HEEACT Global Ranking– 2007 • Russia – World University Ranking - 2009 • Spain – Webometrics Rankings of World Universities – 2005 • Europe –CHERPA ARWU - 2011 • UK - QS Asia University Rankings – 2009 • Spain - Webometrics Rankings of Latin American Universities - 2009 DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

14. ARWU 2009 – UNIVERSITIES IN THE REGION DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

15. Global rankings – (Federkeil, Kaiser, IREG5, Berlin, 2010) Global university rankings Neglectofteachingandlearning Neglectof non-universityresearch Focus on sciences Cultural andlanguagebias Confinedtoresearch excellence of international researchuniversities (in sciences): de-valuation of other profiles Need to take into account diversity of higher education institutions DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

16. Classification and ranking: Mapping diversity (Federkeil, Kaiser, IREG5, Berlin, 2010) Diversityofhighereducationinstitutions in Europe/theworld Identifyingcomparableinstitutionsthatcanbecompared in oneranking Classification U-Map Rankings U-Multirank Description of horizontal diversity  Activity profiles Assessment of vertical diversity  Performance profiles + Complementaryinstrumentsoftransparency DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010 Multi-dimensional global university ranking

17. Multi-dimension comparisons enriches the diagnosis (Salmi, IREG 5 -2010) DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

18. U-Map and U-Multirank Classification U-Map Activity profiles of institutions Teaching andlearning Profile A Profile B ... Research involvement Knowledgeexchange International orientation Multidimenisonalrankings Regional engagement Dimen-sion 1 Dimen-sion 2 Dimen-sion 3 Dimen-sion ... Student profile Multiple excellences DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010 Multi-dimensional global university ranking

19. U-Multirank - Dimensions Focusedinstitutionalranking Business Engineering Mechanicalengineering Electricalengineering Teaching & Learning Research Knowledge Transfer International Orientation Regional Engagement DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

20. European Benchmarking Initiative(2006-2008 ; 2008-2010) Benchmarking enables universities to: • Measure and compare performance to the competition • Self-assess their performance in selected areas • Support strategy formulation and implementation • Strengthen institutional identity • Obtain data for decision making • Better understand processes • Set targets for improvement • Share good practice, learn from others how to improve • Respond to national and international performance standards • Be accountable to stakeholders • Set new standards for the sector. DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

21. European Benchmarking Initiative(2006-2008 ; 2008-2010) Four Themes • Governance (Gov) Priority: Risk Mangement • Curriculum Reform (CR) Priority: Bologna Reforms • University-Enterprise Cooperation (UEC) Priorities: Strategy, knowledge exchange, data collection • Life-Long Learning (LLL) Priority: CPD DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

22. European reactions German reaction - “Exzellenzinitiative” -2004 Research schools - 39 Clusters of excellence -37 Institutional strategies - 9 French reaction “Investire pour l’avenir” - 2009 • 35 Billion Euros • 16 Billion Euros (Campus for Excellence) DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

23. Romanian HE landscape • 109 HEIs • 750.000 students • 12.000 international students • Homogeneity of the HE environment • Similar programs • Similar characteristics copying more important universities • Mechanismsofhomogenization: mimetism, norms, coercision(CNEAA/ARACIS, CNFIS) Trend towards a reduced efficiency DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

24. Motivation for change • Too many HEIs of low quality (ARACIS report – 2009) • Differentiation of HEIs function of aspirations and realities • Defining HEIs as driving factors for society and economy at national, regional and local level • Competitive climate between HEIs DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

25. Possible solutions • Towards LLL • Towards internationalization • Differentiation • Vertical: 3-5 World Class Universities (in the top) with international relevance • Horizontal: ~8 nationally relevant HEIs ~ 16-20 locally relevant HEIs DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

26. Romanian reaction • One Education law • 2 projects + 1 • Quality and Leadership for HE • Research in universities of excellence + • Doctoral schools DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

27. Romanian reaction • 2 projects + 1 • Quality and Leadership for HE • Research in universities of excellence + • Doctoral schools DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

28. POSDRU projects • Research in universities of excellence • National exercise of research evaluation (42 fields) • Program of excellence (10% of universities) • Quality & Leadership • Vision 2525 for HE system • Horizontal differentiation – similar rights for different categories of HEIs DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

29. results • attainment • equity • learning • research • technology transfer • values DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010

30. Thank you! • Paul ȘerbanAgachi • serban.agachi@ubbcluj.ro • www.ubbcluj.ro DRC Conference, Cluj-Napoca,5-6 November 2010