1.1.1a

1. 1.1.1a Child and Youth Services in Germany

2. The family as a community of adults (parents) and children … • is highly appreciated - also by young people • is a focal point of life for children • is subject of changing processes • is under the special protection of the state. Tendencies • two-generations-family • fewer children / one-child-family • differentiation of ways of life in the family • changing values. 1.1.1 E

3. Children today ... • are (normally) planned for and wanted, • do not have siblings as often (are only children) and have fewer relatives, • spend more time in educational institutions, • are subject to the influence of many medias, • live more often in conglomerations (city childhood), • have rights for example to ... : - parental care, - freedom of opinion, - equality of opportunity, - information and legal hearing, - an upbringing without violence, - health, - protection against economic and sexual exploitation. - education, - play and leisure time, 1.1.2 E

4. 1.1.1a Demographical development (I) Population figures in Germany as at 31.12.2004 (in Millions): Young adults aged between 21 and 27 Young people aged between 18 and 20 Young People aged between 14 and 18 Children aged between 6 and 13 Children under 6 years Overall 28 percent of the population was under 27 years by an entire population of 82.5 Millions. 1.1.3 E

5. Demographical development (II) • favorable development conditions and intensified competition, • commercialised leisure time and self organisation, • Integration/emancipation and exclusion, • Tradition and modern life. Important for young people: ... less important: - financial security, - political activity, - good job/interesting work, - belief, - partnership, - religion. - family and children, - living together with others in harmony, - achieving something in life. 1.1.8 E

6. Young people live in a push-and-pull situation of … • favorable development conditions and intensified competition, • commercialised leisure time and self organisation, • Integration/emancipation and exclusion, • Tradition and modern life. Important for young people: ... less important: - financial security, - political activity, - good job/interesting work, - belief, - partnership, - religion. - family and children, - living together with others in harmony, - achieving something in life. 1.1.8 E

7. Most frequently fears of young people (aged between 12 and 25 years) 2006 Bad economic situation, poverty Loss of job, no employment/no training place Terrorist attacks Environmental pollution Dangerous illness (cancer, AIDS) War in Europe Xenophobia in Germany Threat/violence Immigration to Germany Stealing Source: 15. Shell-Studie 2006 1.1.9 E

8. School (education) is to … • impart knowledge, • assess achievement, • promote social skills, • prepare transition to vocational training and the job situation, • compensate for social disadvantages (equal opportunities), • make social problems transparent and provide skills to take action. 1.1.10 E

9. Number of pupils in Germany according to school types 2004(figures given in millions): Primary school: 3,15 Grammar school: 2,40 Former secondarymodern school: 1,35 Pupils attending secondary schools (in %): Basic secondaryschool: 1,19 Integrated compre-hensive school: 0,61 11% Grammar 43,2% 21,5 % Former sec. 24,3% Basic sec. 21,5% 43,2% 24,3% Integrated 11% 1.1.11 E

10. Intensification of social problems • Demographic development • Increase in crises in young peoples lives • Increase in demands and overwhelming situations in families • Increase in unemployment, also among young people • Reduction in social support for families • Growing doubts about the ability of the political system to solve problems Therefore: Participation of young people and the further development of democracy will gain central significance in overcoming social problems and crises. 1.1.16 E

11. The Federal Republic of Germany is a state based on the rule of law The fundamental principles shaping the state based on the rule of law are: • The principle of separation of powers: Legislative (legislation): Parliament Executive (executive power): Government/Administration Judiciary (administraton of justice): Justice • The principle of the legislation being bound by the constitutional order • The principle of the executive and judiciary being bound by law and justice Against unlawful acts of the administration, the citizens enjoy protection by independent courts. 1.2.1 E

12. "Social state" can be used as a normative or descriptive term. Used as a normative term, social state is meant as a state based on social justice how it should be: : • Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: : >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. << • Basic Law, Article 28, Paragraph 1: >> The constitutional order in the Länder must conform to the principles of a republican, democratic and social state governed by the rule of law, within the meaning of this Basic Law... << Used as a deskriptive term, social state characterises the structure and the extent of measures and schemes run by the state to achieve greater social justice (social security and social balance). Fundamental elements of the social state are the social policy and the social security benefits which are provided by it. 1.2.2 E

13. Democracy Democracy as form of government of the Federal Republic of Germany • Basic Law, Article 20, Paragraph 1: >> The Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state. << • Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> All state authority is derived from the people. It shall be exercised by the people through elections and other votes and through specific legislative, executive, and judicial bodies. << Democracy as pluralism of parties • Basic Law, Article 21, Paragraph 1: >> Political parties shall participate in the formation of the political will of the people. They may be freely established. Their internal organisation must conform to democratic principles... << Democracyas a question of self-determination, participation and the power of decision-making of the citizens (the right of participation in decision-making, codetermination, community action groups) 1.2.3 E

14. Federal structure (I) The Federal Republic of Germany is a federal state consisting of 16 so-called Länder, each of which is a state in itself. • Article 30 Basic Law >> Except as otherwise provided or permitted by this Basic Law, the exercise of state powers and the discharge of state functions is a matter for the Länder. << • Article 31 Basic Law >> Federal law shall take precedence over Land law. << With the European integration process, topics and regulations of the European Union are gaining ever more significance. 1.2.4 E

15. Federal structure (II) Hamburg Schleswig-Holstein Mecklenburg-Western Pommerania Bremen Lower Saxony Berlin Brandenburg North Rhine-Westfalia Saxony-Anhalt Saxony Thuringia Rhineland-Palatinate Hessen Saarland Baden-Wurttemberg Bavaria 1.2.5 E

16. Local self-government In order to perform the functions of local self-government in towns and districts there must be a council representing the citizens‘ interests. This is established on the basis of general, direct, free, equal and secret elections where citizens from other EU countries are entitled to vote as well. There are four types of functions discharged in local administration: • Powers exercised in the local bodies‘ own right: 2. statutory functions of self-government (e. g. youth services, social assistance benefit …) 1. voluntary responsibilities (e. g. theatre, sports centres …) • Powers transferred to the local bodies: 3. functions discharged as directed (e. g. fire brigade, housing benefit) 4.functions exercised on behalf of the State (e. g. national elections, population census ...) 1.2.6 E

17. Public finance • The Federation’s public revenue is mainly derived from Federal taxes and the share of joint taxes allocated to the Federation. Gemeinschaftssteuern. • The Länder(states) obtain their revenue mainly from Land taxes and portions of joint taxes going to the Länder, from the Financial Equalization Scheme aiming to mitigate financial disparities between the Länder, and from Federal ‚complemental grants. • The communities derive their funds mainly from community taxes, the community share of the wages and income tax as well as the trade tax, and from allocations made by the respective Land. The most important sources of revenue are the two major joint taxes.In 2005 they made up  62 % of the overall tax revenue. Public revenue in 2005 in million €: 250,043 € 235,301 € 151,060 € Wages/income tax: 163,4 Mrd. € Turnover tax: 139,7 Mrd. € Federation Federal States Communities 1.2.7 E

18. The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in childand youth services (I) • Federation:Child and Youth Services Act (German abbreviation KJHG); incentives to and financial support for youth services involving several Länder; Federal Advisory Board on Youth Problems; Child and Youth Report of the Federal Government every four years. • TheLändergive financial support to the organisations and bodies responsible for child and youth services, aimed at the further development and balanced expansion of provision. They assist the local youth service bodies by providing counselling and advanced training. • Towns and districts set up a youth office: Responsibility for, planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government. 2.1.1.1 E

19. The Federation, the Länder and the local authorities in child and youth services(II) Federation Länder Towns and districts Authority Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth 16 Youth ministries of the Länder (Federal states)Youth offices of the Länder Youth offices in every district and town (administrative district in their own right) Basics SGB VIII Child and Youth Act Carrying-out laws to SGB VIII Mid-range child and youth plans Instruments Nationwide stimulation and furthering Stimulation, furthering, further development of of non-statutory and statutory youth servies Responsibility for planning and funding of local youth services under local self-government Funding and reports Child and youth plan of the Federation (KJP) Child and youth report Child and youth plans of the LänderChild and youth reports of the Länder Funding of local and regional institutions and offerings of non-statutory and statutory bodies 2.1.1.2 E

20. Bodies of the non-statutory youth work and youth services Child and youth services are mainly provided by non-statutory, non-profit making bodies and organisations: 2.1.2 E

21. Structure of child and youth services in the Federal Republic of Germany 2.1.4 Statutory child and youth services Voluntary child and youth services at federal level at federal level Voluntary child and youth services Statutory child and youth services at federal state level at federal state level Statutory child and youth services Voluntary child and youth services at municipality / district level at municipality / district level 2.1.3.1 E

22. Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activities Delegates sent to decision-making bodies Nomination Voluntary child and youth services at federal level German National Comitee for International Youth Work Councilof Political Youth Organi-sations (CPYO) German Federal YouthCouncil German SportsYouth(GSY) Other central organisationsand institutions e.g. AGJ, AdB, BKJ, DJH, DJI, IJAB Welfare organi-sations Federal state level Statutory bodies 2.1.3.2 E

23. Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activityDelegates sent to decision-making bodiesNomination Voluntary child and youth services at federal state level Federal state Federal state Committee of the CPYO Other associatons at the federal state level Federalstate SportsAssociations of the GSY Welfare associations at federal state level RegionalYouth Councils Municipality / district level Statutory bodies 2.1.3.3 E

24. Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodiesNomination Voluntary child and youth services at municipality or district level Federal state level Local sportsassociations Other local organisations Local welfare organisations Town- or district Youth Councils Town or district committee of the CPYO Statutory bodies 2.1.3.4 E

25. German Bundestag Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activity Delegates sent to decision-making bodiesNomination Statutory child and youth service at federal level Bundesrat (Federal Council) Federal Government Bundestag Committee for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth Working Party of the Supreme Youth Departments of the federal states Local authorities at federal level Federal Ministry for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth Commission for Children of theGerman Bundestag Federal Advisory Committee onYouth Issues Federal state land Voluntary bodies 2.1.3.5 D

26. Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activityDelegates sent to decision-making bodiesNomination Statutory child and youth services at federal state level Federal state parliament, House of Representatives or Citizenry Federal state Government or Senate Federal state Federal state Youth Services Committee Association of the Local Authorities at federal state level Supreme Youth Department of the federal state Youth Office of the federal state Municipality / district Voluntary bodies 2.1.3.6 D

27. Key: Direct connection within the given sphere of activityDelegates sent to decision-making bodiesNomination Statutory child and youth services at municipality or district level Town-/ district-/ municipal council Town district municipality Federal state level Town- or district-Youth Services Committee Town- or district Youth Office Town-, district-, municipal- administration Voluntary bodies 2.1.3.7 E

28. Organisation of the youth office at the local level The youth office Youth Services Committee (JHA) Administration The Youth Services Committeedeals with all matters of child and youth services an, in particular, with: Ongoing administrative functions performed in accordance with the statutes of and the resolutions passed by the local council and by the Youth Services Committee. • advice given to young people an families with problems • suggestions and proposals for the development of child and youth services • youth service planning • funding of and public support for the voluntary sector . Composition of the Youth Services Committee: 2/5of the members are representatives of youth organisations, welfare organisations, religious communities, associations 3/5of the members are representatives of the local council. 2.1.4 E

29. Principal youth officer Youth Services Committee Organisation of the youth office at the local level The Youth Office Administration Day care for children General support Social services Central establishments central guidance planning appraisal/ controlling organisation staff finance public relation socio-educational provision for children with problems adoptions social worker support in juvenile and family court proceedings guardianship exercised by the local authority /curatorship advice centre informal education centre for the young residental centre funding and running of establishments youth work youth work and socio-educational provision for young people family support funding and running of establishments child minding specialist counselling 2.1.5 E

30. Cooperation between the statutory and the voluntary sector • Basic principle Statutory and voluntary youth services shall cooperate on a basis of partnership. • Precedence of the voluntary youth services (Principle of subsidiarity) Where the voluntary youth services can discharge suitable functions the statutory sector shall refrain from activities of its own. • Overall responsibility of the statutory sector The statutory sector, i.e. the youth office, has the overall responsiblity for child and youth services. • Funding for and furtherance of the voluntary sector The statutory youth services must subsidize and further the voluntary sector. 2.2.1 E

31. Participation (Youth services plan) Principle: • Parents and young people are citizens and entitled to benefits. • They have rights of participation. • Professional workers in child and youth services are obliged to give them a share. 2.2.2.1 E

32. Right to have a say in decision-making for those who are granted specific provision • Right of choice (§ 5 KJHG) = right to choose among the establishments and services of different bodies and organisations • Involvement of children and young persons (§ 8 KJHG) = right of information, counselling and co-determination in accordance with stage ofdevelopment • General principles of education and upbringen, equal rights for girls and boys (§ 9 KJHG) = right of consideration of gender-specific, social and cultural peculiarities • Participation in youth work (§ 11 KJHG) = right to co-organise and co-determine is the basis of youth work • Participation in child care establishments(§ 22 KJHG) = right of involvement in all major decisions running the day care establishment • Participation in granting educational/upbringing support (§ 36 KJHG) = right to joint development to set up a help plan, on which needs, type and extent of provision is based 2.2.2.2 E

33. Gender Mainstreaming • aims … ... to take the differing living conditions and interests of men and women into account from the very beginning and on a regular basis in all social projects and decisions. • was … ... conceived within the context of development co-operation and made obligatory for the actions of the federal government by the United Nations and the European Union. • should … ... not replace equality policy but rather make it more general, concrete and more effective. 2.2.3 E

34. Expenditure for youth service provision in 2004 Overall expenditure in 2004 20,7 billion Euro = 3 percent of social security benefits Structure of the expenditure (%): Expenditure in billion Euro: 57,3 % Day care for children 28,2 % Socio-educational provision for children with problems, provision for young adults 8,1 % Youth work, protection of young persons in public, socio-educational provision for young people 0,4 % General furtherance of education and up-bringing by the family 5,0 % other provision 2.3.2 E

35. Funding sources 61 percent of the statutory funds made available for child and youth services are provided by the local authorities (towns, communities and districts) Supreme Federal Authority Youth offices and district-affiliated communities without a youth office of their town Land Youth offices and youth authorities of the Land government 2.3.3 E

36. Child and Youth Plan of the Federation Support goals and programmes: • Child and youth services provided by voluntary social service agencies • Political education • Cultural education • Further training • Youth and sport • New ways of child and youth services, evaluation, innovation • Social education • International youth work • Youth social work • International study programmes for specialised staff engaged in child and youth services and in social work • Equality of girls and boys, work with girls and boys • Young people with disabilities • Integration of young people with a migrant background • Assistence for young people and families • Construction, acquisitions, equipment and maintenance of child and youth service facilities • Assistence for children • Protection of children and young people • Development and opportunities for young people in socially deprived areas • Improvement in dealing with media • Other support measures • Youth organisation work 2.3.4.1 E

37. Child and Youth Plan of the Federation Support procedures: Direct procedure For recipients of institutional support Application to be forwarded directly to BMFSFJ Central providers procedure Application via federal working parties of voluntary service agencies Federal states procedure Application via the highest youth authorities of the federal states Types of support: • Project support • Institutional support 2.3.4.2 E

38. Fields of work of the professionals in child and youth services Proportion of the professionals by sex 2002 (in %): 2.4.1 D

39. Social commitment by citizens – voluntary work Voluntary social work:more than 600,000 people • in practical areas of activity: Work in youth organisations, activities for young people, mainly in the form of leasure time provision, care activities, guardianship/custodianship, • in organisations: Clubs, self-help groups, Boards, expert political committees. Family commitment:approximately 60.000 foster parents • in substitute families Social services by young people: approximately 13,000 persons on compulsory, non-military national service and approximately 1,750 young people doing a voluntary year of social work. • in all areas of family care 2.4.2 E

40. § 1 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act) • Every young person has a right to assistance in his or her development and to an appropriate upbringing so that he or she can be a responsible member of society. (2) Care, upbringing and education of children are the natural right of parents and their primary duty. The public community watches over the fulfilment of that duty. (3) For the realisation of this right, child and youth services shall 1.further young persons in their individual and social development and help to avoid or remove disadvantages, 2.give educational counsel and assistance to parents and other persons having parental powers, 3.protect children and young persons from harm to their welfare, 4. help maintain or create positive living   conditions and a favourable environment for children, young people and their families. 3.1.1 E

41. Tasks of child and youth services §§ 11-60 KJHG (Child and Youth Services Act) Provisions §§ 11-41 KJHG: §§ 27 – 41 Socio-educational provision for children with problems Integration assistence for children and young persons with emotional disabilities Help for young adults §§ 11 –15 Youth work Socio-educational provision for young people Socio-educational child and youth protection §§ 22 – 26 Support of children in day care establishments and day care §§ 16 – 21 Furtherance of education and upbringing within the family • family education • family advice • family holiday schemes • separation and divorce consultation • crêche (Krippe) • Kindergarten • day care centre • self-organised group • International youth work • Support for youth organisations • non-residential socio-educational provision • foster family • residental care Other tasks (§§ 42-60 KJHG): e.g. provision of shelter and protectionparticipation in decision-making in guardianship, family and youth courts 3.1.2 E

42. Youth work … is in addition to family, school and vocational education a socialisation and educative area in itself. Youth work offers should • be linked to the interests of young people, • out-of-school informal education for young people, • be co-organised and determined by young people, • youth work in sports, games and social activities, • youth work in connection with the working world, school and family, • empower young people for self-determination, • international youth work, • motivate young people to be socially responsible and encourage them to be socially committed. • holiday schemes for children and young people, • counselling services for young people.            Youth work is offered by youth associations and other statutory and voluntary bodies responsible for youth services. 3.2.1 E

43. Socio-educational provision for young people ... is an aid to integration for young people : • to integrate into school and vocational/professional education, • to integrate into the world of work • to integrate into social life. Socio-educational provision is a bridge to help with the transfer from school to working life: • in workshops • in adisory offices • in training projects • in residental homes for young people • in projects for integration of young people with a migration background. 3.2.2 E

44. Socio-educational child and youth protection Socio-educational child and youth protection is a preventive service provided by the child and youth services for children, young people and for parents which is there to • enable young people to protect themselves against dangerous influences, empower them to constructive criticism, the ability to make decisions, take responsibility for their actions as well as be responsible towards others, • improve the ability of parents and others responsible for educating and bringing up children  (kindergarten teachers, school teachers) to protect children and young people from dangerous influences. Socio-educational child and youth protection is done, for example by: • working with parents (in kindergartens), • in family education courses, • family planning, • youth work or • via general informational campaigns (on AIDs, drugs etc.). 3.2.3 E

45. Promotion of education and upbringing within the familiy • Education and upbringing within the family are faced with growing demands,challenges and sometimes risks in modern society. • Families/parents need a wide range of advisory services, support and relief tosucceed in bringing up and educating their children. • The task of child and youth services is to strengthen parents‘ responsibility forcare and upbringing/education of their children by: • advice in matters of upbringing and education • family leisure time and holiday schemes • family education • support for single parents • advice in matters of partnership, separation, divorce. 3.2.6 E

46. Tasks of day care establishments for children support of parents Day care establishments for childrenaim to … support of children Care Ensuring children are supervisedand provided for during the day Social education Communications of norms and values as well as social skills Main tasks of day care Education Communication of skills and abilities 3.2.7 E