Prof. Brandt-Pearce Lecture 1 Introduction

1. Optical Wireless Communications Prof. Brandt-Pearce Lecture 1 Introduction

2. Course Outline • Introduction • Definition of free-space optical communications • Why wireless optical communications? • Basic block diagram • Optical Sources • Challenges • Alignment, acquisition, pointing, and tracking (APT) • Modulation techniques and noise

3. Course Outline • Channel Modeling • Attenuation • Beam Wander • Turbulence (Scintillation/ Fading) • Turbidity (rain, fog, snow) • Cloud-free line of sight • Modulation and Coding • Visible Light Communications • Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) Ultraviolet (UV) Communications • Satellite Optical Communications • Underwater Optical Communications • Radio Frequency (RF)/FSO Hybrid Networks

4. Demand for High-speed Communications • According to the Internet Society, over 80% of the world will be connected to the Internet by 2020. • Mobile and application services are the future of the Internet. • 3G: 2 Mb/s • 4G: designed for 1Gb/s • 4G speed in ATT and Verizon is 10 Mb/s

5. Demand for High-speed Communications

6. Optical Communications: The Backbone of Telecommunications Optical fibers around the world

7. Free Space Optical (FSO) Communications

8. History of FSO Communications • Has been used for thousands of years in various forms • Around 800 BC, ancients Greeks and Romans used fire beacons for signaling • In 1880 Alexander Graham Bell created the Photophone by modulating the sun radiation with voice signal • German troops used Heliograph telegraphy transmitters to send optical Morse signals for distances of up to 4 km at daylight (up to 8 km at night) during the 1904/05 • The invention of lasers in the 1960s revolutionized FSO communications • Transmission of television signal over a 30-mile using GaAs LED by researchers working in the MIT Lincolns Laboratory in 1962 • The first laser link to handle commercial traffic was built in Japan by Nippon Electric Company (NEC) around 1970

9. History of FSO Communications Chapter 1, “Optical Wireless Communication Systems: Channel Modelling with MATLAB”, Z.Ghassemlooy.

10. Why Free Space Optics (FSO)? FSOvs Radio-Frequency (RF) RF FSO • A single FSO channel can offers Tb/s throughput • Spectrum is large and license free (very dense reuse) • Small components • Secure • Transmission range limited by weather condition • Are very difficult to intercept • Spectrum is scarce and low bandwidth • Spectrum is regulated • Suffers from multi-path fading • Susceptible to eavesdropping • Large components

11. Why Free Space Optics (FSO)? FSOvs Fiber Optic Fiber Optic • High cost • Requires permits for digging (Rights of Way) • Trenching • Time consuming installation • Mobility impossible FSO • No permits(especially through the window) • No digging • No fees • Faster installation • Mobility/reconfigurabilitypossible

12. Access Network Bottleneck Chapter 1, “Optical Wireless Communication Systems: Channel Modelling with MATLAB”, Z.Ghassemlooy.

13. Bandwidth capabilities for a range of optical and RF technologies Chapter 1, “Optical Wireless Communication Systems: Channel Modelling with MATLAB”, Z.Ghassemlooy.

14. FSO Block-Diagram A receiver at the other end of the link collects the light using lenses and/or mirrors 3 Transmitter projects the carefully aimed light pulses into the air 2 Received signal converted back into fiber or copper and connected to the network 4 Network traffic converted into pulses of invisible light representing 1’s and 0’s 1 • Reverse direction data transported the same way. • Full duplex 5 TRANSMITTER RECEIVER 1010 SIGNAL PROCESSOR DATA OUT DATA IN PHOTO DETECTOR LED/LD DRIVER ATMOSPHERIC CHANNEL 1010

15. Challenges Sunlight Window Attenuation Fog Building Motion Alignment Scintillation Range Obstructions Low Clouds

16. Challenges Visible range 850 nm 1550 nm

17. Power Spectra of Ambient Light Sources Chapter 1, “Optical Wireless Communication Systems: Channel Modelling with MATLAB”, Z.Ghassemlooy.

18. Channel Effects • Absorption • Diffraction • Rayleigh scattering (atmospheric gases molecules) • Mie scattering (aerosol particles) • Atmospheric (refractive) turbulence: • Scintillation • Beam wander

19. Window Attenuation • Uncoated glass attenuates 4% per surface due to reflection • Tinted or insulated windows can have much greater attenuation • Possible to trade high altitude rooftop weather losses vs. window attenuation

20. Alignment Small Angles - Divergence and Spot Size 1° ≈ 17 mrad → 1 mrad ≈ 0.0573° Small angle approximation: Angle (in milliradians) * Range (km)= Spot Size (m) 1 m 1 mrad 1 km

21. Alignment Challenges Building Motion • Building Motion Due to the Thermal Expansion • 15% of buildings move more than 4 mrad • 5% of buildings move more than 6 mrad • 1% of buildings move more than 10 mrad

22. Alignment 2 – 10 mrad divergence =2 to 10 meter spread at 1 km Compensating for Building Motion – Two Methods • Automatic Pointing and Tracking • Allows narrow divergence beams for greater link margin • System is always optimally aligned for maximum link margin • Additional cost and complexity • Large Divergence and Field of View • Beam spread is larger than expected building motion • Reduces link margin due to reduced energy density • Low cost 0.2 – 1 mrad divergence = 0.2 to 1 meter spread at 1 km

23. Modulation Method

24. Noise in FSO Systems • Background Radiation (e.g. sun light) • Shot Noise (Poisson distributed) • Thermal Noise (Gaussian distributed) • Scintillation Noise

25. Applications of FSO Communications • Infra-red (IR) communications (remote control applications) • Visible light communications (VLC) for indoor applications • Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ultraviolet (UV) communications • Inter-satellite communications • Underwater communications • Terrestrial optical communications • Hybrid RF/FSO communications • Optical quantum communications