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Planning the Addressing Structure

Learn how to implement IP Addressing in LAN networks, subnetting, NAT, and PAT. Understand address classes, subnetting options, and communication between subnets. Explore the benefits and challenges of NAT, along with possible solutions and the transition to IPv6.

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Planning the Addressing Structure

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  1. Planning the Addressing Structure Working at a Small-to-Medium Business or ISP – Chapter 4

  2. Objectives • Describe how IP Addressing is implemented in the LAN. • Subnet a given network to allow for efficient use of IP address space. • Explain how Network Address Translation (NAT) and Port Address Translation (PAT) are used in a network.

  3. IP Addressing in the LAN • IP addressing identifies hosts and network devices • IP address format: dotted-decimal notation • Hierarchical structure: network and host octets

  4. IP Addressing in the LAN • Address classes A, B and C: used to identify hosts or networks • Address classes D and E: multicast and experimental uses

  5. IP Addressing in the LAN First octet bit patterns and classes: • Class A: first bit is always 0 • Class B: first two bits are always 1 and 0 • Class C: first three bits are always 1, 1 and 0

  6. IP Addressing in the LAN • Reserved address space for private networks • Private IPs are not routable on the Internet • Consumer networking devices give out private IPs through DHCP

  7. IP Addressing in the LAN • RFC 917, Internet Subnets • Subnet mask separates network bits from host bits • Routers read subnet masks left to right, bit for bit • Bits set to 1 are part of the network ID • Bits set to 0 are part of the host ID

  8. IP Addressing in the LAN Classful subnetting: • Use bits from the host space to designate a subnet ID • All resulting subnets use the same subnet ID

  9. IP Addressing in the LAN Classless subnetting features: • CIDR: identify networks based on the number of bits in the network prefix • VLSM: divide address space into networks of various sizes

  10. IP Addressing in the LAN Communicating between subnets: • Each subnet is a separate network • Router is needed to communicate between them • Each router interface is the default gateway for its subnet

  11. NAT and PAT • Network address translation (NAT) allows private users to access the Internet by sharing one or more public IP addresses

  12. NAT and PAT • NAT operation is transparent to users • Benefits include improved security and scalability

  13. NAT and PAT • Inside local network • Outside global network

  14. NAT and PAT • Dynamic NAT assigns outside global addresses from a pre-defined pool • Static NAT assigns a permanent registered global IP to an individual private host IP

  15. NAT and PAT • PAT translates multiple local addresses to a single global IP address

  16. NAT and PAT • PAT conversations use a unique temporary IP address and port number combination • Port numbers above 1024 • Maximizes use of addresses and security

  17. NAT and PAT IP Nat issues: • Additional workload to support IP addresses and port translations • Careful network design and equipment selection • Accurate configuration

  18. NAT and PAT • Temporary solutions to address depletion: subnetting, private IP addressing, and NAT • Improvements proposed by using IPv6: • More address space and better space management • Easier administration • Support for advanced network capabilities

  19. NAT and PAT IPv6 address notation: • 128 bits • 32 hexadecimal digits • Three-part hierarchy: global prefix, subnet and interface ID

  20. Summary • IP addressing can be tailored to the needs of the network design through the use of custom subnet masks. • Classless subnetting gives classful IP addressing schemes more flexibility through the use of variable length subnet masks. • Network Address Translation (NAT) is a way to shield private addresses from outside users. • Port Address Translation (PAT) translates multiple local addresses to a single global IP address, maximizing the use of both private and public IP addresses.

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