PRE-ASSESSMENT – WHAT I KNOW

1. PRE-ASSESSMENT – WHAT I KNOW Complete the short assessment to best of your knowledge. REMEMBER – You are not supposed to know all the material now. We will try the assessment again at the end of the unit.

2. WARM-UP ACTIVITY 1. Choose a partner to help in the discussion in this activity 2. In the next slide you will try to identify what the four pictures have in common 3. You will have five minutes to discuss between yourselves and then five minutes to share your responses with the rest of the class.

3. What Do All of These Pictures Have in Common? WARM UP ACTIVITY

4. WHAT ARE THEY? FOREST OCEAN COAL MINE SOIL

5. HINT!!!!!!

6. Definitions Sink: A natural or artificial means of absorbing or removing a substance or a form of energy from a system. carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. carbon sequestration is the process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.

7. STATE STANDARDS • DE State Science Standard 1: Nature and Application of Science and Technology: • Scientific inquiry involves asking scientifically-oriented questions, collecting evidence, forming explanations, connecting explanations to scientific knowledge and theory, and communicating and justifying the explanation • GLE: • Collect accurate and precise data through the selection and use of tools and technologies appropriate to the investigations. Display and organize data through the use of tables, diagrams, graphs, and other organizers that allow analysis and comparison with known information and allow for replication of results. • Construct logical scientific explanations and present arguments which defend proposed explanations through the use of closely examined evidence

8. STATE STANDARDS • DE State Standards: • STD 8 – Ecology – • Matter needed to sustain life is continually recycled among and between organisms and the environment. • Illustrate how elements on Earth cycle among the biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere • Organisms and their environments are interconnected. Changes in one part of the system will affect other parts of the system Explain how feedback loops keep ecosystems (at the local and global level) in a state of dynamic equilibrium (e.g., positive and negative feedback loops associated with global climate)

9. Next Generation Science Standards • HS. Human Sustainability • HS-ESS3-1 – Construct and explanation based on evidence for how the availability of natural resources, occurrence of natural hazards, and changes in climate have influenced human activity • HS-ESS3-6 – Use a computational representation to illustrate the relationship among Earth systems and how those relationships are being modified due to human activity • Amount of carbon dioxide produced and the amount of carbon dioxide sequestered • HS-ESS3-4 – Evaluate or refine a technological solution that reduces impacts of human activities on natural systems • Anthropogenic Carbon sequestration

10. LESSON OBJECTIVE To illustrate and demonstrate what carbon sinks are, where they are found on Earth, what impact they have on Earth Systems, and help visualize the scale of the quantities of carbon in these carbon sinks.

11. CONCEPT/ESSENTIAL QUESTION Concept: Earth’s balance between carbon sources and carbon sinks are influencing atmospheric conditions leading to increases in global temperatures. Essential Question: What would the result be if the oceans transformed from a major carbon dioxide sink into an even larger major carbon dioxide source? - Output of CO2 much greater than input of CO2 (acidification, ocean current change, temperature)

12. KEY VOCABULARY Sink - A natural or artificial means of absorbing or removing a substance or a form of energy from a system Reservoir - a place where something is kept in store Sequestration - the process of capture and long-term storage of something Anthropogenic -created by people or caused by human activity Acidification - the process of becoming acid or being converted into an acid l

13. WHERE DO WE FIND CARBON on EARTH • 1. All living organisms – hydro-carbons HC • A human bodies' solid matter is 18% carbon • 2. Atmosphere – What % is Carbon? (.04%, 400 ppm – in the form of carbon dioxide) • 3. Soil – one of the largest carbon sinks (reservoirs) on earth- organic matter – decomposition of living organisms (plants, animals, rocks and minerals) • 4. Oceans – Another of the largest carbon sinks on earth • Biosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere

14. HOW MUCH CARBON IS STORED? Total Carbon = 150,452,250 Gigatons Gigaton: 1,000,000,000 tones (109 tone) 1 tone = 1000 kilograms (2204.5 lbs.) 1 Gigaton =2,204,500,000,000 lbs. Total Carbon (lbs) = 3.32 x 1021 (3,320,000,000,000,000,000,000 lbs.) Carbonates: limestone, dolomite (CaCO3, CaMgCO3) – (sea shell, corals, chalk) Kerogens: organic chemical compounds that make up a part of the organic matter in the earth’s sedimentary rocks – oil shales, oil sands

15. LET’S BREAK IT DOWN!!! Atmosphere = 720 Gigatons Oceans = 38,400 Gigatons Geosphere = 75,000,000 Gigatons Biosphere = 2,000 Gigatons Fossil Fuels =- 4,130 Gigatons

16. LET’S SEE WHAT YOU’VE LEARNED!!! Name: __________________ Period: _____ DATE: ________ Where the Carbon Is Carbon is found in every sphere on Earth: geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere. Arrange the terms below under each sphere that is appropriate for that term. Some terms may used for more than one sphere. The carbon from these terms may be part of a carbon sink or a carbon source or both. Then, rank each sphere in order of largest to smallest carbon sink (Gigatons) with the largest being #1. 20 pts. GEOSPHEREHYDROSPHEREATMOSPHEREBIOSPHERE Limestone plants rice paddies forest fires coal bacteria mammals oceans sea shells phytoplankton natural gas tundra volcanoes power plants methane hydrate crude oil soil vehicle exhaust

17. CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE Levels of CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere just reached 400 parts per million May of 2013, the highest level in nearly 3 million years according to scientists (What did the earth look like then?) Levels have risen approximately 2 ppm per year from 2000- 2009 and are rising faster now Atmosphere only .04% CO2 – Not the most powerful greenhouse gas but can change a planet!!! Do you know what the rest of the atmosphere is made of?

18. WHAT DOES 400 ppm MEAN? Parts per million (ppm) 400 parts CO2/1,000,000 parts atmosphere .04% of atmosphere = =4/10 of 1% of atmosphere Atmosphere = 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 0.9% Argon, 0-4% Water Vapor, .o4% Carbon Dioxide, traces of: Neon, Helium, Krypton, and Xenon.

19. CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS The graph shows recent monthly mean carbon dioxide measured at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.

20. THE EARTH 3 MILLION YEARS AGO Pliocene Epoch 1.8 - 5.3 million years ago This map shows how North America appeared 3 million years ago. Global sea level dropped over 50 meters in the Pliocene because of an increase in glacial ice at the poles. This increase of glacial ice created a global climate that was relatively dry and cool. At the end of the Pliocene, further expansion of glacial ice occurred at the poles, which led to another decrease in global temperatures, and a drop in sea level around the world.

21. FAST TRACK/SLOW TRACK CARBON CYCLING • Fasts Track Carbon Cycling: the fast carbon cycle moves 10 to 100 trillion metric tons of carbon per year. Plants and phytoplankton are the main components of the fast carbon cyclethrough photosynthesis • Can you think of any other components of fast track carbon cycling? • Slow Track Carbon Cycling: Through a series of chemical reactions and tectonic activity, carbon takes between 100-200 million years to move between rocks, soil, ocean, and atmosphere in the slow carbon cycle. On average, 10–100 million metric tons of carbon move through the slow carbon cycle every year. • Can you name any components of slow track carbon cycling? • NASA

22. FAST TRACK/SLOW TRACK CARBON RECYCLING VIDEO CLICK PIC

23. THE FAST TRACK CARBON CYCLE This diagram of the fast carbon cycle shows the movement of carbon between land, atmosphere, and oceans in billions of tons of carbon per year. Yellownumbers are natural fluxes, redare human contributions in billions of tons of carbon per year. White numbers indicate stored carbon.

24. THE BALANCE or IMBALANCE Pentagram = 1012 kilograms or one trillion kilograms = ~ 2.2. trillion lbs. Everything is in balance except burning of fossil fuels = 14.3 trillion lbs. CO2/year to atm.

25. THE BALANCE or IMBALANCE

26. CARBON IMBALANCE DEMO Natural OutputNatural Input Human carbon emissions

27. CARBON IN SOIL Soil carbon is the generic name for carbon held within the soil, primarily in association with its organic content. Soil carbon is the largest terrestrial pool of carbon (2,300 Gigatonnes (Gt)). Humans increasingly influence the size of this pool. Soil carbon plays a key role in the carbon cycle and thus is important in global climate models Historically, land-use conversion and soil cultivation have been an important source of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to the atmosphere. It is estimated that they are responsible for about one-third of GHG emissions. * *(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations)

28. SOIL CARBON CYCLE

29. CARBON ABSORPTION IN THE OCEANS • Of all the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted into the atmosphere, one quarter is taken up by land plants, another quarter by the oceans. • There are two main factors that determine how fast CO2 is absorbed by the oceans : • the amount of carbonate available, dependent on the acidity of the oceans to dissolve deposited sea shells • the other is the “biological pump” where one celled organisms, the animals that feed on these organisms, and fecal matter sink to the bottom of the oceans carrying carbon with them, which remains in the depths for long periods of time.

30. CARBON IN THE OCEANS

31. Carbon Dioxide and the Oceans Video CLICK PIC

32. Ocean Chemistry and Carbon Storage NOAA

33. THE DILEMA WITH OCEAN ABSORPTION 1. The issue with climate change brought on by global warming is the fact that warmer water absorbs less CO2 and the oceans are becoming warmer due to global warming 2. The less CO2absorbed by warmer oceans means more CO2stays in the atmosphere causing an increase in the rate of global warming. 3. The colder waters near the poles absorb the most CO2 in the oceans but these regions are warming at a much faster pace, twice the rate of anywhere on the planet, which will slow down CO2 absorption in these regions. These are natural feedback systems

34. OUR GUY BILL NYE – CO2 in the OCEANS VIDEO CLICK PIC

35. DAY 1 EXIT TICKET The Earth’s atmosphere passed 400 ppm in carbon dioxide in April of 2013. If studies indicate an increase of 2 ppm per year of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere what will the concentration of carbon dioxide be in the atmosphere in the year 2050? Some studies suggest that the average global temperatures may rise 2.5 – 5.4° F by 2050. What effects do you think this rise in temperature will have on your life and the lives of those you know, including possible offspring (children)? How old will you be in 2050?

36. DAY 2 WARM_UP ACTIVITY Choose a partner and “brain-storm” the effects that deforestation have and will have on the ecosystems on Earth. Include carbon sequestering, oxygen levels, rainfall, and loss of biodiversity (species extinction). You have 5 – 10 minutes After completed, let’s see how the rest of the class’s views compare to yours.

37. CARBON DIOXIDE STORAGE IN FORESTS Forests in the United States absorb and store about 750 million metric tons of carbon dioxide each year, an amount equivalent to 10% of the country’s CO2 emissions. Forests play a specific and important role in the global carbon cycle by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis, storing carbon above and below ground, and producing oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. University of Leeds research found global forests absorb nearly 40 per cent of man made fossil fuel emissions every year.

38. FOREST SEQUESTERING OF CO2 The study by the U. of Leeds showed that forests are absorbing almost 40 per cent of the 38 billion tons of carbon dioxide created by mankind every year. However, 10.8 billion tons is released as a consequence of deforestation as trees are chopped down. (deforestation)

39. DISAPPEARING CARBON FOREST STORAGE 1 hectare = 2.47 acres 500, 000 hectare = 1, 235, 000 acres per year

40. CALCULATING THE DESTRUCTION OF RAIN FORESTS • According the World Wildlife Fund – rain forests are being cleared at a rate of 26 hectares per minute. • Calculate the number of hectares cleared in: • An hour • A day • A year • Convert to acres for yearly total

41. CALCULATING THE DESTRUCTION OF RAIN FORESTS 26 ha per minute X 60 min. per hour = 1560 ha/hour 1560 ha per hour X 24 hrs. = 37,440 ha/day 37,440 ha/day X 365 days/yr. = 13,665,600 ha/yr. 1 hectare = 2.47 acres 13,665,600 ha X 2.47 = 33,754,032 acres/yr. = 52,763 sq. mi. State of New York = 54,475 sq. miles

42. THE RAIN FOREST AND CO2 Twenty acres of rain forest absorbs 80 tons of CO2 in a year - the amount of Co2 emitted from burning 8000 gallons of gasoline. Therefore 1 acre of rain forest would absorb 4 tons of CO2 in a year. The Amazon rainforest absorbs 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere every year. Tropical rainforests have the highest mean net primary production of any terrestrial ecosystem, meaning an acre of rainforest stores more carbon than an acre of any other vegetation type.The rainforest is the single greatest source of the air that we breathe, accounting for a full 20%.

43. SO, HOW MUCH CO2 LEFT IN THE AIR? • Calculate how much carbon dioxide is left in the air annually by destroying the rain forest at current rates. • 33,754,032 acres/yr. X 4 tons of CO2 per acre/year • = 135,016,128 tons of CO2left in the atmosphere every year by deforestation of the Rain Forest!!!!

44. OTHER EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation. Deforestation has many negative effects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is a loss of habitat for millions of species. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

45. DEFORESTATION VIDEO CLICK PIC

46. Anthropogenic Carbon Sequestration The process of removing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a reservoir. When carried out deliberately, this may also be referred to as carbon dioxide removal, which is a form of geo-engineering. Ocean iron fertilization is an example of such a geo-engineering technique. Iron fertilization attempts to encourage phytoplankton growth, which removes carbon from the atmosphere for at least a period of time.

47. Anthropogenic Carbon Sequestration

48. GEOLOGICAL CO2 STORAGE

49. VIDEO – GEOLOGIC CARBON SEQUESTRATION CLICK PIC

50. Carbon Sequestration