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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

TRANSPORTATION PLANNING . TOPICS . ROADS AND PUBLIC GOODS RATIONALE TO JUSTIFY ROAD BUILDING URBAN PLANNING AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION (UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES) ROAD BUILDING & MANAGEMENT: THE OLD PARADIGM ROAD BUILDING AND MANAGEMENT: THE NEW PARADIGM

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TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

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  1. TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

  2. TOPICS • ROADS AND PUBLIC GOODS • RATIONALE TO JUSTIFY ROAD BUILDING • URBAN PLANNING AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION (UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES) • ROAD BUILDING & MANAGEMENT: THE OLD PARADIGM • ROAD BUILDING AND MANAGEMENT: THE NEW PARADIGM • MODEL OF URBAN GROWTH AND TRANSPORTATION

  3. TYPE OF GOODS PRIVATE GOOD • Rival • Exclusion PURE PUBLIC GOOD OR CPR • Jointly consumed or non rivalry • non-exclusion TOOL GOODS • Jointly consumed or non rivalry • Exclusion can occur COLLECTIVE PUBLIC GOODS • Jointly consumed or non rivalry up to a limit • non-exclusion

  4. Typology of G & S Feasible Exclusion Infeasible Individual goods Common pool goods Private car Taxi service Bus service/Subway Turnpike Highway City street individual consumption Joint Collective goods Toll Goods Source: E.S. Savas 2000:44-45

  5. RATIONALE TO JUSTIFY ROAD BUILDING

  6. URBAN PLANNING AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION SHORT-TERM CAUSES • Population and job growth • More intensive use of automobile • Failure to build more roads • Failure to make drivers bear full cost Source: A. Downs

  7. URBAN PLANNING AND TRAFFIC CONGESTION LONG-TERM CAUSES • Concentration of work and trips in time • Disconnection between place of work and residence • Low density development (residence and work) • Preference of private vehicle over mass transit system • Urban design/ City planning (middle class bias)

  8. ACCESS & MOBILITY: THE OLD PARADIGM • Roads are considered public goods • Solutions came from the supply side • Gasoline tax as a proxy for road pricing • To complex to administer and coordinate efforts among different levels of government • Disjoint relationship between land use and travel demand • Problems are taught to be linear CONGESTIONBUILD MORE ROADS

  9. ACCESS & MOBILITY: THE NEW PARADIGM • Roads are becoming “toll goods” • Solutions are coming from the demand side (ability & willingness to pay) • Price system based on marginal cost • Public and private partnership starting to emerge as well as decentralization of decision making • Land-use and travel demand are part of the problem as well as the solution (New Urbanism) • Problems are seen as circular with feedback loops

  10. A SYSTEM MODEL LOW DENSITY DEVELOPMENT INCREASES ROAD DEMAND INCREASE TRAVEL MILE PER VEHICLE BUILD MORE ROADS PRIVATE TRANSPORTATION LAWS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR GENERATES MORE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES TRANSFORM LAND USE & DENSITY

  11. FORECASTING TRAVEL DEMAND • Four step process • Estimating trip generation (HH income, # persons in the HH, # vehicles, density) • Estimating trip distribution (Gravity model): The force of gravitation between two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their distance • Estimating modal split (private vs. public modes) • Trip assignment (distribution of the trips among alternate routes: e.g. how to get to downtown? )

  12. Census Methodology

  13. Census tracks Census blocks Origin 1,000 trips 8 miles 4 miles 10 miles Destination A 20,000 square feet Destination B 70,000 square feet Square feet of office space is a proxy for employment or the mass (attraction) aspect in the model Destination C 80,000 square feet

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