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Medical Biotechnology

Medical Biotechnology. Presentation made by: sakura023. Medical Biotechnology. Applied to medical processes like the use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics. Recombinant DNA. Organelles & their Function. Nucleus – location of the DNA chromosomes

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Medical Biotechnology

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  1. Medical Biotechnology Presentation made by: sakura023

  2. Medical Biotechnology • Applied to medical processes like the use of organisms for the production of drugs or antibiotics

  3. Recombinant DNA

  4. Organelles & their Function • Nucleus – location of the DNA chromosomes • Endoplasmic Reticulum – routes and modifies certain newly synthesized polypeptides synthesizes lipids • Smooth ER - aids in lipid destruction • Rough ER - w/ ribosomes - aids in protein synthesis

  5. Organelles & their function • Golgi Body – modifies polypeptides, sorts and ships proteins and lipids for either secretion or for use inside the cell • Mitochondria – produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) (chemical energy use inside the cell) • Chloroplast – site of photosynthesis in plants & algae • Vesicle – have many functions like transports or store various substances, digestion

  6. Organelles & their Function • Ribosomes – aids in the assembly of polypeptides during protein synthesis • Cytoskeleton – aids in the movement of internal structures - serves as structural framework of the cell - bones and muscles of the cell

  7. Macromolecules • Lipids – composed of long unbranched chain of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen (C, H, O, N) atom (hydrocarbon chain) CnH2nOn - generally insoluble in aqueous solution, water fearing, chemically diverse - fatty acids (main components)

  8. Macromolecules • Polysaccharides – composed of long repeating monomeric units called monosaccharides, that function as either structure or storage • Proteins – large organic compounds, major determinants of an organisms’ characteristics - orchestrate bodily reactions inside the cell, amino acids

  9. Macromolecules • Nucleic acid – foundation of life - involved in the storage and transmission of genetic information within the cell of nucleic acids

  10. Two Types of Nucleic Acids

  11. DNA vs RNA

  12. DNA Function • Storage of the genetic information. It is a long polymer consisting of repeating units called deoxyribonucleictides Deoxyribonucleictides has 3 components • Pentose Sugar (5 carbons) • Phosphate group • 1 of 4 nitrogen-containing bases adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)

  13. DNA Function • stores the genetic information in the 4 nitrogen-containing bases • Adenine and guanine are double ring structures called purines A+G =  purines • Thymine and cytosine are single ring structures called pyrimidtines T+C =  pyrimidtines

  14. DNA Function • Shows helical configuration, w/ both strands of the molecules winding around a common central axis to form a spiral (like a spiral staircase)

  15. DNA Replication • Unwinding of the DNA helix • Synthesis of the RNA primers • The DNA polymerase binds each single strand and moves along the strand from the RNA primer, using the information in the template DNA to mediate the formation of new DNA strand • Connection of okazaki fragments to form one continuous DNA molecule

  16. DNA Replication • DNA helicase – enzyme in which to unwire DNA helix • DNA gyrase – cut DNA into 2 strands • DNA polymerase – main replication enzyme • DNA ligase – enzyme that connects the ends of okazaki fragments to form newly snthesized DNA strand Note: -ase - enzymes

  17. Transcription • Genetic information stored in the DNA (gene) is used to make and RNA that is conglomentary • Process by which the genetic code is converted into instructions for the cells • DNA  RNA

  18. mRNA (messenger RNA) - type of RNA that the DNA builds from the DNA code complement of DNA

  19. 4 Stages of Transcription • Binding of RNA polymerase to a specific sequence called a promoter. The DNA helix unwinds in this region • Initiation of transcription – RNA polymerase begins synthesizing RNA from the template strand of the DNA as the DNA helix unwinds farther • Elongation of the RNA – the RNA elongates by the addition of ribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesized RNA

  20. 4 Stages of the Transcription • Termination of Transcription – the RNA polymerase disengages the DNA & the new RNA molecule is released

  21. Translation • Occurs in the nucleus where newly synthesized RNA is processed and then transported into the cytoplasm, the side of translation of protein synthesis • It is the conversion of information encoded in the mRNA sequence into a sequence of amino acids forming a polypeptide chain • Process of which the instruction are read to produce protein

  22. Replication – DNA  RNA • Transcription – DNA  RNA • Translation – RNA  protein

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