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Section Reviews

Section Reviews. 3-1 & 3-2. Page 81. 1. List three main points of the kinetic theory of matter. Atoms and molecules are always in motion. Particles move faster at higher temperatures. At any temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles do.

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Section Reviews

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  1. Section Reviews 3-1 & 3-2

  2. Page 81

  3. 1. List three main points of the kinetic theory of matter. • Atoms and molecules are always in motion. • Particles move faster at higher temperatures. • At any temperature, heavier particles move slower than lighter particles do.

  4. 2. State two examples of each of the four states of matter. • solid—marble and brass; • liquid—water and mercury; • gas—oxygen and nitrogen; • plasma—fire and lightning

  5. 3. Compare the shape and volume of solids, liquids, and gases. • Solids have definite volume and shape; • Liquids have definite volume but no definite shape; • Gases have neither definite volume nor definite shape.

  6. 4. Describe the relationship between temperature and kinetic energy. • Temperature is a direct measure of average kinetic energy.

  7. 5. Compare the temperature and thermal energy of hot soup in a small mug and that of hot soup in a large bowl. • Both have the same temperature, but the large bowl of soup has more thermal energy than the small mug of soup does because there is more matter present in the bowl.

  8. 6. Which particles have the strongest attraction between them: the particles of a gas, liquid, or solid? • The particles of a solid have a stronger attraction to one another than the particles of a liquid or a gas has.

  9. 7. Use the kinetic theory to explain how a dog could find you by your scent. • Gas particles can move freely in all directions. • The traces of chemicals that a person leaves when he or she touches something absorb energy, vaporize, and spread outward, so that a dog can detect them.

  10. Page 88

  11. 1. Describe the following changes of state, and explain how particles behave in each state.a. freezing c. sublimationb. boiling d. melting • a. During freezing (liquid to solid), particles slow down. • b. During boiling (liquid to gas), particles speed up. • c. During sublimation (solid to gas), particles speed up. • d. During melting (solid to liquid), particles speed up.

  12. State whether energy is released or whether energy is required for the following changes of state to take place.a. melting c. sublimationb. evaporation d. condensation • a. Energy is required. • b. Energy is required. • c. Energy is required. • d. Energy is released.

  13. 3. Describe the role of energy when ice melts and when water vapor condenses to form liquid water. • As energy is transferred to ice, the attraction between water molecules is broken and the ice melts. As water vapor releases energy, attraction between molecules increases, and liquid water condenses.

  14. 4. State the law of conservation of mass and the law of conservation of energy, and explain how they apply to changes of state. • Mass cannot be created or destroyed. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. During a change of state, the total mass and total energy of the system remain constant.

  15. 5. If you used dry ice in your holiday punch, would it become watery after an hour? Why or why not? • No. Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide, which undergoes sublimation and turns directly from a solid into a gas.

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