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Building an Islamic state

A cartoon believed to have been published around January, 1980, depicting post-revolution chaos. The artist is unknown. Posted on the Iranian newsgroup soc.culture.iranian . . This and the map on the following slide from the Univ. of Texas map collection, http://www.lib.utexas.edu. Iran Prior to Revolution: A very hasty comparative overview.

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Building an Islamic state

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    1. Building an Islamic state The Iranian Revolution: prelude & aftermath

    6. Iran Prior to Revolution: A very hasty comparative overview Pre-20th century state: Safavid and Qajar empires Qajar rule: decentralized, diffuse Imperialism/Colonialism British and Russian spheres of influence Constitutional Revolution, 1905-1911 Early authoritarian state-building Pahlavi rule, 1926-1979 Reza Shah, 1926-1941 Muhammad Reza Shah, 1941-1979

    7. State-building under Reza Shah: brief notes Secularism New civil code (1928) Secular judicial system Centralization Creation of police force, civil service Cosmetic “westernization” Hat law (1935) Veil banned (1936) Nationalism From “Persia” to “Iran” New state school curricula Turkey & Iran compared: the early period Institutions of government Occupation

    8. State consolidation: Muhammad Reza Shah Entrenching the monarchy 1953 coup against Mosaddeq Creation of internal security organization, SAVAK Tight political control US aid & oil revenue patronage The “White Revolution” Large-scale industrial development, literacy, education, land reform

    9. 1979 Iranian Revolution: Why Rising popular opposition Authoritarianism & One-Party state Resurgence Party Alienation of Bazaaris and Ulema Economic woes Urban middle class suffering Shah’s reliance on foreign experts Cracks in the regime US & NGO pressure Moderate reforms Crises Economic recession protest & suppression

    11. 1979 Iranian Revolution: Three visions, and then two (and then one)

    12. After the Shah: competing visions 1st (early Revolution) Vision Moderate Constitutional Monarchy (Mehdi Bazargan, the Freedom Movement & Ali Shari’ati) 2nd Vision Secular Republic -- respecting but not controlled by Shi’ism 3rd Vision: Theocracy-government of Ulama

    13. Iranian Revolution: Who

    16. 1979 Iranian Revolution: How Early days of protest & suppression pamphlets,cassettes demonstrations Violent suppression & continued resistance Growing confrontation Sept 8 1978 “Black Friday” in Tehran: wave of protests and violent suppression Strikes, paralysis of Iranian economy, huge demonstrations, defections in the army Jan. 1979 M. Reza Shah flees the country Feb. 1: A. Khomeini returns to Iran

    17. The chaos after the revolution: the first new Islamic-Iranian state

    18. Foreign crises

    19. Internal resistance & purges

    20. After the Revolution (or, the 2nd revolution): The second Islamic-Iranian state

    21. Structure of Government*

    22. The New Theocracy Further changes & later reforms Economy: state control, privatization Expansion of public sector (later unsuccessful attempts to contract this) Creation of foundations to oversee former regime’s property Nationalization of industries, banks, businesses Forced departure of foreign companies (1979) Rationing, subsidies, price controls, redistribution of property 1988 and after: liberalization package new privatization, reduction of govt subsidies, promotion of exports But oil still provides 40-50% of government income New legal code Sharia legal codes Polygamy, free male divorce, child custody to fathers in initial post-Revolution phase; increasingly challenged in 1980s

    23. Social reforms (and re-reforms) Cultural revolution, 1981-83 University purges New dress codes Gender segregation Outlawing of music and liquor Religious education in schools Other Social reforms “Reconstruction Jihad”: Improved rural conditions Improved education and public health Initial discouragement of women’s education soon changed Rise in female literacy: 36% in 1976; 72% in 1996 Grassroots primary health care Better family planning: drastic reduction in birthrate after 1988

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