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The Civil War

The Civil War. 1861-1865. Election of 1860. Democrats split their support Douglas vs Breckinridge Pop Sov (N) v. federal protection of slavery (S) Know-Nothings/Whigs make last effort “Constitutional Union Party”-John Bell (moderate) Republicans nominate Lincoln (moderate)

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The Civil War

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  1. The Civil War 1861-1865

  2. Election of 1860 • Democratssplit their support • Douglas vs Breckinridge • Pop Sov (N) v. federal protection of slavery (S) • Know-Nothings/Whigsmake last effort • “Constitutional Union Party”-John Bell (moderate) • Republicansnominate Lincoln (moderate) • Slavery not allowed in the territories • No interference with slavery in states where it already existed

  3. 1860 Candidates Abraham Lincoln (R) John C. Breckinridge (SD) Stephen A. Douglas (ND) John Bell (CU)

  4. Lincoln Wins the Election • 40 % pop vote, 60% of electoral vote • No Southern vote • No national support, only sectional support • Do you think this is fair?

  5. Final Straw • South outraged that Lincoln could win without a single southern vote • Lincoln=“black Republican” • Charleston, SC: Dec. 20, 1860 convention called and a formal declaration of secession is announced-SC 1st to leave Union • “STATES RIGHTS!”-way of life • 6 deep south states follow: GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, TX (Georgia and Texas try to stop it)

  6. Confederacy Forms • February 4, 1861: Secessionist leaders meet in Montgomery, AL and declare themselves the “Confederate States of America” • Frame a constitution and a new government and select Jefferson Davis as president, Alexander Stephens as VP • MS senator, does not want to secede, appeals for peace before secession occurs • Wait for inauguration begins; what will the union do?

  7. Civil War: General Info War of Northern Aggression 

  8. “2nd American Revolution” • War between North and South • 1861-1865 • Most destructive war ever fought in Western Hemisphere-620,000 deaths • 4 million freed from slavery • 13th, 14th, 15th amendments • Accelerated industrialization/modernization in the North while destroying plantation life in South

  9. Two Leaders • Whig from IL turned Republican • Took presidency after 7 states had already seceded • Won reelection after steering nation through war • Ended slavery in US • Served in US House of Representatives • Joined army against Mexico 1846 • Became Senator and Sect. of War • Strong leadership but emotional • Imprisoned for treason but never tried Lincoln, 1809-1865 Davis, 1808-1889

  10. Lincoln takes Office • Inaugural Address • No message of force • “Preserve, protect, and defend” the Constitution • “In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issues of Civil War. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.” Inauguration, March 4, 1861

  11. Message Received, and Ignored • Critical Question: What about federal forts in the South? • Fort Sumter in Charleston, SC is cut off from supplies by Southern control • Lincoln asked to send supplies-FOOD ONLY • Choice: let US refuel fort or fire with shore batteries • C: Beauregard, U: Anderson • Fort refuses to permit refuel; Confederates fire on Union fort • War begins April 12, 1861 @ 4:30AM • Captured by Confederates April 13th • United northerners behind the fight to “save the union”

  12. Fort Sumter

  13. Lincoln Executes Power • Lincoln reacts to Fort Sumter by: • Calling for 75,000 volunteers to put down the “insurrection” • Authorizing spending for the war • Suspending the writ of habeas corpus

  14. Southern Reaction: Fort Sumter • Lincoln not afraid to use troops: Upper South secedes from Union • VA, NC, TN, AK; Conf. Capital moved to Richmond • Union Political/Military OBJECTIVE: Keeping the Border States • DE, MD, MO, KY • Union sentiments and Confederate sympathizers • Goal: strong arm into Union by force if necessary

  15. Inside the War Mobilizing, Strategy, Leadership

  16. North v. South: Advantages http://www.nps.gov/civilwar/facts.htm

  17. Advantages/Strategies • States: 23 • Population: 20,700,000 (71%) • Troops: 2,100,000 • Manufacturing: 97% (10 to 1) • Railroads: 72% (3 to 1) • Arms: 97% (30 to 1) • Gunpowder • Advantage: President • States: 11 • Population: 5.5 million white, 3.5 million slaves • Troops: 800,000 • Manufacturing: 3-4% • Railroads: 29% • Arms:3-4% • Advantage: Officers, psychology of war, defensive warfare North South

  18. Military Colleges Compare/Contrast: Generals http://teachingamericanhistory.org/static/neh/interactives/cmdrs/ Keep in Mind: Age West Point Grad Class Rank Military Experience • US Military Academy, West Point (NY) • The Citadel (SC) • VMI (VA) Military Colleges

  19. Mobilizing for War: Confederacy • ~800,000 will serve (impossible w/o slavery) • 1862: Confederate Conscription (DRAFT) • 18-35 years for 3 years (expands to 17-50) • 1 out of 5 soldiers were draftees • 20-Negro Law: anyone owning 20 or more slaves or was a political leader were exempt from fighting= “rich man’s war, poor man’s fight” • Munitions: arms factories developed across the South (bought from Europe) • Richmond and Louisiana • Shortages: clothing, supplies, food • No navy to organize

  20. Mobilizing for War: Union • ~ 2 million will serve in Union Army • Upped manufacturing • 97% of firearms (total), 96% of its railroad locomotives, 94 % cloth, 93% pig iron, and over 90% of its boots and shoes • Public opinion down after first 2 years; 1863 Enrollment Act: 1st draft in U.S. history • 20-45 years of age • Substitution (could pay for someone to fight for you) • Commutation (pay $300 to the federal government to not fight) • 8% of Union soldiers were draftees

  21. Financing the War • Both the Union and Confederacy were reluctant to TAX citizenry • Why? • Sold WAR BONDS to try and finance war

  22. Financing the War • Morrill Tariff Act 1861: placed duties on all imported items (20% on manufactured goods, 10% raw materials) • 1862 Legal Tender Act authorized Fed. Gov’t to make paper money called Greenbacks • 21% of wartime revenue from taxation • Economy boomed during the war • Established a National Bank 1863; critical for money organization • Victim of staggering inflation (printed $1 billion in currency) • U 80% v. C 9,000% • $1 1861= $46 1864 • Did not make legal tender (bank) • Difficult economic stagnation: blockade, little transportation, lack of industry • 5% of wartime rev. from taxation Union Confederacy

  23. Political Leadership: Union • Lincoln: criticism for bank, draft, slavery • Advantage: stable government • Expands executive power: • Suspends habeas corpus in MD (pro-slavery factions raising hell; Copperheads) • Martial law in border states • Seized telegraph stations for security • Border States strong-armed into Union • MD/DE=slave states, KY (grant), MO=killing field • WV: 1863, 35 counties • Chief Justice Taney: Lincoln overstepped power with habeas corpus • Lincoln ignores: “exec powers in cases of rebellion (Art. 1 Sec. 9)

  24. Political Leadership: Confederacy • Jefferson Davis: Ultimate Dilemma “Died of a Theory” • Confederate Constitution: too many states rights (couldn’t impose tariffs or internal improvements) • Davis=Southern independence v. Governors=state sovereignty • Davis: knack for making enemies • Heated battles with VP A. Stephens from GA • No tax structure, new constitution and government, no navy, little industry, unconnected railroad lines

  25. Civil War Map • Label each state on your map • Using a key, label which state is a • Confederate State • Union State • Border State • Label the Capitals • Union: DC • Confederacy: Richmond Civil War Map: States Civil War Map: Battles

  26. Review • Long Term Causes: • Conflict over Slavery • Economic Differences • States Rights • Short Term Causes: • Election of Lincoln • Secession • Firing on Ft. Sumter Causes First state to leave? 6 states that immediately follow? 4 states that follow later? Why? 4 (then 5th) border states?

  27. Review • What term is used for draft? (U and C) • What were exceptions to this rule? • How did the Union finance the war? Confederacy? • Give one example of a financial crisis experienced by the Confederacy. • How did Lincoln expand presidential powers during at time of war? Who tried to object? • What was meant by the phrase “Davis died of a theory?”

  28. Union Plan • 19 Free States, 4 slave-holding border states (DE, MD, KY, and MO) and 1863 WV • Block them from Confederacy • Gen. Winfield Scott: ANACONDA PLAN • 1. Blockade Southern ports (VA to TX) -starve S of supplies • 2. Drive southward towards MS River, control it (and TN River and Cumberland River), and split the Confederacy in 2 to weaken it • 3. Capture Richmond (Head of the snake) • Critics: antislavery congressmen wanted a quicker way to free the slaves (What was the war about according to Lincoln?)

  29. Confederacy Plan • Militarily: preserve small armies and damage Union troops-take down Union will to fight • Defend territories; delay engagement • Break blockade • Politically: seek recognition by foreign countries (Great Britain and France) • No longer trading with North, need help • F/GB need cotton; may trade military supplies

  30. The War Begins Union v. Confederacy

  31. Major Battles of the War Fun Fact: Rebel forces used LANDMARKS to name the battles, Yankees used TOWNS http://www.historynet.com/civil-war-battles • Two Theaters: • East: Atlantic to App Mtns • U: McClellan/Pope, C: Lee • West: App Mtns to MS river • U: Grant, C: Johnston/Beauregard • Bull Run (Manassas) • Shiloh • Antietam • Chancellorsville • Gettysburg • Vicksburg • Atlanta

  32. First Years of a Long War 1861-1862

  33. 1861-1862: Stalemate • Bull Run: Union army moving towards Richmond • Close to DC-people picnicked and watched • U: McDowell, C: Beauregard • Jackson earns the title “Stonewall” • Confederate Victory; war will be long, mean, and costly • Shiloh: Union and Confederacy stand off: • U: Grant, C: Johnston • Grant moves along TN River; Johnston trying to take back MS Valley control • Grant steers off C counter attack and advances West-victory • Meanwhile…

  34. Confederate Politics: Trent Affair • Confederacy need foreign assistance • Mason/Slidell • Union stops ship; captures Mason and Slidell as POWs • Britain threatens war • Lincoln releases prisoners; diplomats try an negotiate for recognition

  35. Antietam: Bloodiest Day • Lee (C) vs McClellan (U) • Lee hoping for a Victory to convince GB to join • Goal: move out of South into the North • Plan of attack discovered by Union troops-move to attack behind Antietam Creek • Forced standoff- C outnumbered 2:1 • Single bloodiest day of the Civil War • 22,000 soldiers in 1 day (more than Am. Rev) • Confederates retreat • Union “win”: Lincoln makes a policy change

  36. Emancipation Proclamation • September 22, 1862: Emancipation Proclamation • Freed all enslaved peoples still in rebelstates • Did NOT include border states or states under Union control-Redefined war in the North: “slavery” • READ: Emancipation Proclamation/Questions E.P. Defined

  37. Did Lincoln Free the Slaves? Answer the following: • Did Lincoln free the slaves or did the slaves free themselves? • What are the arguments on either side? • Why have some historians worked really hard to prove that the slaves freed themselves? • Why does it matter whether or not Lincoln was truly bothered by slavery, as Douglass claims?

  38. EP Historical Significance • Symbolized the end of slavery in America • Helped prevent European involvement • Changed the objective of the war • 200,000 AA joined the union army

  39. Failed Diplomacy in South • “King Cotton” not enough leverage • Loss at Antietam shows weakness • Emancipation Proclamation appeals to British working class-lose support • British sympathy, but no support

  40. Battles: Map • Label the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River • Decide the Theaters: Eastern and Western • Draw Scott’s Anaconda Plan for the Union • Using one color for U victories and another for C victories, label the battles • Phase 1 Battles: • Ft. Sumter • First Bull Run • Shiloh • Antietam Map Update

  41. HOMEWORK: Battles Part 2 • 2 Phases of War • Phase 1: 1861-1862 Stalemate • Battles: Fort Sumter, Bull Run, Shiloh, Antietam • Phase 2: 1863-1865 Union Winning • Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg, Atlanta • Surrender: Appomattox Homework=Phase 2Battles on Chart

  42. Union Triumphs, 1863-1865 Gettysburg – End of War

  43. Review! • List one advantage that the Union and Confederacy had at the beginning of the war • List one disadvantage the each side experienced • How did each side expect the first battle to go? What was the outcome? What did it show? • Why were the first two years of the war deemed a “stalemate?” Be specific. • Why was a win at Antietam important for Lee? • What policy change could Lincoln invoke with a win at Antietam? What did it do?

  44. E.P. Review: True or False • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on Sept. 22, 1862, just 5 days after the bloodiest battle at Antietam. • The E.P. proclaimed all slaves in the U.S. free effective Jan. 1, 1863 • The E.P. had an enormous practical effect in freeing thousands of slaves overnight.

  45. The Home Front: Military Issues • Originally filled by volunteers • Used bonds to convince others-led to bond jumping • 1863 draft • Substitutes for $300 • Approx. 2 million total • Consisted of mostly volunteers • 1862 institute a draft • “Rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight” causes desertion • Approx. 1 million total • READ: Desertion Rates and answer questions Union Confederacy

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