Community Participatory

1. Community Participatory

2. What is participation • Community participation may involve a process, including (but not restricted to) oragnaisation, planning, evaluation, cooperation, and contribution of time, labour, and /or resources by host community. • A process whereby people individually or collectively assumes increased responsibility for assessment of their own health needs, identify potential solutions to problems, and plan solutions to which these may be realised.

3. Community Participatory • It has its roots from the liberation theology • Neo Marxist approaches to community development • Shared community ownership of research • Community based analysis of research problem • Orientation towards community action

4. Community Participatory Action • It a social process • It is participatory • It is practical and collaborative • It is emancipatory • It is critical • It is reflexive and dialectical • It transforms theory and practice

5. Key features of community participatory • Planning for a change • Acting and observing the process and consequences of the change • Reflecting on the processes and consequences • Re-planning • Acting and observing • Actual happening not abstract, real issues, materials

6. Degrees of Community Participation Community Ownership & Sustainability Collective Action: Local People set their own agenda and mobilize to carry it out, in the absence of outside initiators and facilitators Co-learning:Local People and Outsiders share their knowledge to create new understanding and work together to develop action plans with outside facilitation Cooperation: Local people work together with outsiders to determine priorities, responsibility remains with outsiders for directing the process Consultation: Local opinions are asked, outsiders analyze and decide on a course of action Compliance:Tasks are assigned with incentives. Outsiders decide agenda and direct the process Co-option: Token involvement of local people ,representatives are chosen, but have no real input or power

7. How does CM work? • Formative Research – • to better understand the community context and design the process • Entering the community (if externally facilitated) and establishing credibility and trust • Raising community awareness about the specific issue or issues

8. How Does CM work? • Working with community leaders and others to invite and organize participation of those most affected and interested in the issue /issues • Exploring the issue/issues to understand what is currently being done and why so that they can set priorities • Planning • Implementing the community plan • Monitoring and evaluating progress

9. The Community Action Cycle Explore the health issue/issues and set priorities Prepare to Mobilize Organize the Community for actions Plan Together Prepare to scale up Evaluate Together Act Together

10. Challenges • The tendency to think that the community has no capacity or does not “know anything” • Donor Prescriptions • Capacity building results are sometimes overlooked or misjudged by standard sustainability indicators. • Limited Provider Skills in CM • Community Mobilization not always on the high agenda of Program Managers

11. Action learning • Key aspects is to bring people together to learn from each other experiences • Study one own situation • Clarifying goals and removing obstacles • How to achieve efficacy and efficiency

12. Action science • Stresses the study of practice as a source of new understanding and improved practice • It identifies two sources of knowledge • Formal knowledge • Professional knowledge • Theory • practice

13. Research and social practice • Participants occupying the role of research • Providing the opportunity for participants to take the construction and reconstruction of social reality into their own hand • It emerges when people want to think realistically about where they are now, how things came to be that way, from these starting points, how in practice things might be changed

14. The meaning of social practice • The individual performance, events, and effects that constitute practice as it is viewed from the “objective” external perspective of an outsider • The wide social and material conditions and interactions that constitute practice as it is viewed from the “objective” external perspective of an outsider • The intentions, meanings and values that constitute practice as it viewed from the “subjective” internal perspective of individual practitioners themselves

15. The language, discourses, and traditions that constitute practice as it viewed from the “subjective” internal social perspective of members of the participants own discourse community. • The change and evolution of practice-talking into account all four of the aspects of practice

16. Epistemological perspectives of practice • The nature TRUTH in the human and social science • The dichotomy of truth about social practice • Human and social life as largely in individualistic terms • Human and social life as largely in social realm • Conceive problems, phenomena and methods largely in objective terms • Conceive problems, phenomena and methods largely in subjective terms

17. Praxis: what people think, believe, do and say in the practical situations of everyday life and the improvisations and innovations that people employ as they negotiate and respond to these practical situations. • Culture: the systems of shared ideas and meanings, the conceptual models, that underlie, influence and structure the ways in which people think and act in those practical situations. • Context: the wider social, political, historical and economic setting in which behaviour, beliefs, etc. are situated, and which constrains and impinges on those beliefs and behaviours.

18. Practice as individual behavior, to be studied objectively • Practice as a group behavior or ritual to studied objectively • Practice as individual action to be studied from the perspective of the subjective • Practice as social action or tradition, to be studied from the perspective of subjective • Practice as reflexive to be studied dialectically