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Mount Merapi

Mount Merapi. Brendan McNeill, Ellie Oakford , Anthony Shimamoto GE 151 Volcanology. Geography. Latitude: 7.5333° S Longitude: 110.4333° E Situated in South-Central Java 28 kilometers north of Yogyakarta. Tectonics.

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Mount Merapi

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  1. Mount Merapi Brendan McNeill, Ellie Oakford, Anthony Shimamoto GE 151 Volcanology

  2. Geography • Latitude: 7.5333° S • Longitude: 110.4333° E • Situated in South-Central Java • 28 kilometers north of Yogyakarta

  3. Tectonics • Lies on the Sunda Volcanic arc, a chain of volcanoes that have formed from the northward subduction of the of the Indo-Australian Plate beneath the Eurasian Plate. • These are the same plates responsible for the giant 9.2 magnitude Indian ocean earthquake of 2004

  4. The Sunda Arc • Is the volcanic arc formed along the islands of Sumatra and Java • Other major eruptions • Toba Super Eruption – approximately 74,000 years ago • Tambora 1815 • Krakatoa 1883

  5. Specifics FORM DIMENSIONS • Typical stratovolcano, containing a summit crater with an unstable lava dome. • This results in the partial collapse of Merapi’s lava dome • Mount Merapi is approximately 2,930m (9,613ft) above sea level • The diameter of the Volcano is 400 meters across

  6. Vents, Craters and Calderas • There are fumarolic areas surrounding the lava dome. • The crater of Mount Merapi is situated at the summit • Contains the lava dome which often collapses giving way to pyroclastic flows • There are no calderas at Merapi

  7. Eruptive History • Recorded eruptions of Merapi have occurred in2010-11, 2007, 2006, 2001-02, 1992-98, 1972-90, 1971, 1967-69, 1961, 1953-58, 1948-49, 1944-45, 1942-43, 1939-40, 1933-35, 1930-31, 1924, 1923, 1922, 1920-21, 1918, 1915, 1909-13, 1908, 1906-07, 1905, 1902-04, 1902, 1897, 1894, 1893, 1891, 1889, 1888, 1885, 1883-84, 1878-79, 1872-73, 1872, 1869, 1865-67, 1862-64, 1854, 1849, 1848, 1846-47, 1846, 1840, 1837-38, 1832-35, 1828, 1822-23, 1820-22, 1812-13, 1810, 1807, 1797, 1786, 1755, 1752, 1745, 1678, 1677, 1672, 1663, 1658, 1587, 1584, 1560, 1554, 1548, 7630 BC.  • Smaller eruptions occur in 2-5 year intervals • Larger eruptions occur in 10 year intervals • On average, every 100 years eruptions reach a VEI of 4

  8. Observed Eruptions • Eruptions occur frequently at Merapi often causing minimal damage • The 2010 eruption caused significant damage and loss of life

  9. Deposits in the 2010 eruption were significantly larger than any from the previous century.

  10. Damage from pyroclastic flows

  11. Volcanic Hazards and Contributions • Merapi’s valleys that lead down to Yogyakarta have the potential to cause significant damage and flooding • The ability to mitigate the damage from lahars could be reduced significantly with the construction of dams • Indonesian government is unable to produce these dams due to lack of resources and infrastructure

  12. Volcanic Deposits • Effusion primarily occurs at the lava dome • The form of deposits are commonly a result of, either fall out deposits or pyroclastic flows • Deposits have been primarily accumulated on the SW quadrant of the volcano where activity has been historically concentrated. • Given the varying range of eruptions that occur at Merapi, location and characteristics of deposits often depend upon the size of the Eruption

  13. Petrology • Basaltic Andesite Lavas from Merapi contain 30-51 vol% Phenocrysts, and total crystalline contents are occasionally in excess of 70 vol%.

  14. Hydrothermal Activity • Unique relationship between the hydrothermal system with rainfall and seismicity • When high rainfall occurs, there is a correlated drop in temperature and seismicity • Given the highly active and dangerous nature of Merapi, the hydrothermal deposits are not mined

  15. Tourism • Yogyakarta’s is the second most popular tourist destination in Indonesia • Merapi is a popular hiking/trekking area for those who dare to get a close up of this highly active volcano

  16. Geophysical Monitoring of Volcano • Due to its highly active nature and proximity to densely populated areas, the volcanic activity of Merapi is closely monitored • Designated as a Decade volcano

  17. Monitoring Continued… • Merapi is assessed on a scale of 1-4 with 1 representing normal activity and 4 signifying that an eruption is imminent. • Today the use of tiltmeters, electronic distance measurements, seismometers, gas monitoring, satellite imagery and monitoring stations are utilized to keep track of Merapi’s activity.

  18. Bibliography • Volcano Live http://www.volcanolive.com/merapi.html • University college London Volcano Group http://www.ucl.ac.uk/vco2/field-sites/Merapi • Volcanos Oregon State http://volcano.oregonstate.edu/vwdocs/volc_images/southeast_asia/merapi_hazard.html • The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AGUFM.V43C2597N • he Behaviour of Base Metals in Arc-Type MagmaticHydrothermal Systems – Insights from Merapi Volcano http://www.geotop.ca/upload/files/publications/theses_doctorat/nadeau2011.pdf • The 2010 explosive eruption of Java's Merapi volcano – a ‘100- • year’ event http://hal-paris1.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/72/34/12/PDF/Surono-JVGR-2012.pdf • Merapi (Central Java, Indonesia): An outline of the structural and magmatological evolution, with a special emphasis to the major pyroclastic events http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027300001359 • Volcanic Lanforms http://faculty.weber.edu/bdattilo/shknbk/notes/vlcns.htm • GunungMerapi: Mountain of Fire http://gunungmerapi.weebly.com/index.html

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