Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment

1. Nanotechnology in Cancer Treatment

2. Authors • JericaFetzer • Rachael Fornwalt • Andrea Prenderdast • Jayme Spinazzola • Jordan White

3. Objectives • Define and describe nanotechnology in cancer treatment • List and describe nanotechnology in cancer treatment hardware and software • Identify, describe and review nanotechnology in cancer treatment information system • Describe advantages/disadvantages of using nanotechnology in cancer treatment • Examine legal and ethical issues related to the use of nanotechnology in cancer treatment • Describe technology-related competencies needed by the professional nurse working with nanotechnology in cancer treatment • Describe functions of the informatic nurse working with nanotechnology in cancer treatment

4. What is Nanotechnology? • Nanotechnology is the engineering and development of devices that are so small that they are measured on a molecular scale (National Institutes of Health, 2004)

5. (National Institutes of Health, 2004).

6. On a nanoscale. . . • hemoglobin is approximately 5 nanometers • devices measuring 50 nanometers enter most cells • devices are able to interact with biomolecules on the cells surface and in the cell (National Cancer Institute, 2009)

7. Nanotechnology Hardware • According to the National Cancer Institute (2009), there are numerous types of hardware used to treat cancer such as: • Nanoworms • Nanobees • Nanowires • Cantilevers • Nanoshells

8. Nanowires • Man-made constructs made with carbon, silicon and other materials • Have the capability to monitor the complexity of biological phenomenon and relay the information, as it is monitored, to the medical care provider • Can detect the presence of altered genes associated with cancer • May help researchers pinpoint the exact location of those changes (National Cancer Institute, 2009)

9. Nanowires detect biomarkers of cancer Animated Nanowire Sensor http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/understanding/nanotech_nanowires.asp

10. SmartFocus Software • Programmable computer control of microscopic stages and imaging systems • Simple scripting tools for creating and annotating complex, multi-step image acquisition scenarios • Uses a calibrated microscope system (General Nanotechnology, 2009)

11. Computer Service & Support, Inc. LIS Systems • The CLS-2000 Laboratory System is a group of programs that manage production needs • It also provides… • Rule based order entry • A full range of laboratory management reports • Customized physician test panels • Can be used for lab report access, HL-7, EMR and remote printing (Online Consultant Software, 2007)

12. Faster Diagnosis by specifically indentifying pre-cancerous or cancerous calls • Protect drugs from being degraded in the body before reaching their target • Enhances absorption of drugs into tumors and into cancerous cells themselves • Allows for better control over timing and distribution of drugs to tissue • Achieve greater tumor reduction with lower doses of the drug • Prevent drugs from interacting with normal cells, thus avoiding side effects (Rados, 2005) Advantages of Nanotechnology

13. Disadvantages of Nanotechnology • Lack of knowledge (Introduction to Nanotechnology, 2009) • Particles created are so small that they may very well cause eventual health problems (Introduction to Nanotechnology, 2009) • Possible that nanotechnology can create an altered human state (Introduction to Nanotechnology, 2009) • Work has focused on cells grown in culture, and further research is needed to see if these effects can be reproduced in a tumor in the human body (BBC News, 2005)

14. Issues Related to Nanotechnology • Issues include the potential to create a human race that is engineered and altered to become hyper—intelligent and super strong • issues include the idea that the scientific technology would only be available to those who can afford it (Introduction to Nanotechnology, 2009) Ethical Legal The process of manufacturing the nanomaterials results in the release of certain waste products which enter the plants and air Some carbon nanotubes can prove as harmful as asbestos inhaled in fair quantities; sometimes causing mesothelioma (Introduction to Nanotechnology, 2009)

15. Informatics Competencies Required: • Demonstrates fluency in informatics and nursing terminologies • Evaluates the performance and impact of information management technologies • On clinical practice, education, administration, and/or research • Applies advanced analysis and design concepts to the system life cycle process • Develops models for simulation purposes • Applies sophisticated educational design and research evaluation concepts (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2009)

16. Functions and Responsibilities of an Informatics Nurse • Incorporates theories, principals, and concepts from nanotechnology into informatics practice • Integrate ergonomics and human-computer interaction (HCI) principals • Into informatics solution design, development, selection, implementation, and evaluation • Systematically determine the impact of an informatics solution within nursing and healthcare • Social, legal, and ethical impact (McGonigle & Mastrian, 2009)

17. To Summarize. . . • By applying nanotechnology to medicine we have the use of precisely engineered materials to develop novel therapies and devices that may reduce toxicity and enhance the efficacy and delivery of treatments. • Application of nanotechnology to cancer can lead to many advances in the prevention, detection, and treatment of cancer • By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they can potentially detect diseases and deliver treatments in ways unimagined before now. • Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling scientists to detect molecular changes that occur in a small percentage of cells. • Nanotechnology also has the potential to generate unique and highly effective theraputic agents • Nanotechnology offers the means to aim therapies directly and selectively at cancerous cells (National Institutes of Health, 2004)

18. References BBC News (2005, August 2). Nanotechnology kills cancer cells. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4734507.stm General Nanotechnology (2009). Smartfocus: Software for programmed acquisition of microscope images . Retrieved November 16, 2009, from http://www.gennano.com/smartfocus/index.html Introduction to Nanotechnology (2009, June 15). The Potential disadvantages of nanotechnology. Retrieved December 3, 2009, from http://nanogloss.com/nanotechnology/the-potential-disadvantages-of- nanotechnology/. McGonigle, D. & Mastrian, K. (2009). Nursing Informatics and the foundation of knowledge. Boston: Jones & Bartlett Publishers.  National Cancer Institute (2009). Understanding Nanotechnology, nanowires. Retrieved November 16, 2009, from http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/understanding/

19. References National Institutes of Health. (2004). Cancer nanotechnology: Going small for big advances-using nanotechnology to advance cancer diagnosis, prevention and treatment. National Cancer Institute: Bethesda, MD. Retrieved October 24, 2009, from http://nano.cancer.gov/learn/impact/treatment.asp Online Consultant Software (2007). Clinical Information Systems (CIS) Directory. Retrieved November 30, 2009, from http://www.health-infosys-dir.com/yphccis.asp Rados, C. (2005). Nanotechnology: The size of things to come. FDA Consumer, 40-42. Retrieved November 9, 2009, from CINHAL database.