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Conservation Genetics

Conservation Genetics. 3 Reasons Genetics can Make a Significant Contribution to Conservation. REASON # 1. Maintaining genetic diversity is necessary for evolutionary change Evolution is the process that has taken life on earth from a single-celled bacteria to millions of plants and animals

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Conservation Genetics

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  1. Conservation Genetics

  2. 3 Reasons Genetics can Make a Significant Contribution to Conservation

  3. REASON # 1 • Maintaining genetic diversity is necessary for evolutionary change • Evolution is the process that has taken life on earth from a single-celled bacteria to millions of plants and animals • When genetic diversity is lost it reduces the future evolutionary options Large Ground Finch Cactus Finch Small Tree Finch

  4. REASON # 2 • High genetic variation is related to fitness • Fitness is an individuals reproductive success over its lifetime www.cheetah.org

  5. REASON # 3 • The genetic diversity that spans the globe represents all of the information for all biological processes. • The genetic information in a single mouse, translated into words, could fill 15 sets of encyclopedia Britannica • Loss of potentially important information for humans

  6. Why do populations decline? Habitat Destruction Fragmentation Over-Harvesting Poaching Exotic Species Disease

  7. How is genetic variation lost from populations? Extinction Emigration Chance Hybridization

  8. Where does genetic variation come from in populations? Mutation Immigration

  9. How is genetics used to minimize extinctions? • Reducing extinction risk by avoiding inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity • Understanding population structure • Resolving taxonomic uncertainties • Detecting hybridization • Species identification and forensics

  10. Limits to Conservation Genetics • Not cheap • Plant and animal tissue or blood • Requires invasive sampling • Non-invasive techniques avoids direct contact with animals.

  11. Non-invasive Genetics • Collected as feces, urine, hair, shed skin, museum samples • DNA extracted • PCR • Sequencing • Power of PCR • Tiny amounts of DNA • Amplification of original copy • Yields 1000s of copies

  12. Non-invasive Genetics GABON What is Non-Invasive Genetics? We get DNA without Catching Animals So? Hairs, Urine, Feces Genetic of Duikers (Antelopes) in Central Africa

  13. Non-invasive Genetics Cephalophus monticola Genetic of Duikers in Central Africa Fresh dung GPS coordinates Habitat Type Tube 1.5ml with storage element

  14. Non-invasive Genetics What are the Advantages ? 1) Minimal impact on the wildlife 2) Easy to sample 3) Intensive sampling

  15. Non-invasive Genetics Extraction of DNA: Vented hood Qiagen kit DNA Stored at - 20°C PCR ?

  16. Non-invasive Genetics Thanks for your attention !

  17. PCR Visualization

  18. Agarose Gels - A visualization of PCR product - Electrical current applied to a matrix - DNA moves at rates according to size 1200 600 300 150

  19. After PCR • -Turbopurification: “cleaning up” the PCR product leaving just DNA • Sequencing: • -G is black, C is blue, T is red, and A is green

  20. 93 587013 SDZ C.maxwelli 100 AMCC 105483 C.maxwelli 94 OR837 SDZ C.maxwelli KB15149 SDZ C.monticola Congo58 faeces 81 86 OK07 C.monticola, Gabon DP04 C.monticola, Congo 69 56 Congo43 faeces DKME13 C.monticola, Gabon 99 DP05 C.monticola, Congo AMCC 109048 C.monticola, C.A.R. DKME01 C.monticola, Gabon AJ235318 C. natalensis 85 OR2115 SDZ C.rufilatus 82 DP08 C.nigrifrons, Congo 100 DP09 C.nigrifrons, Congo DP07 C.nigrifrons, Congo 98 100 DP16 C.leucogaster, Congo 98 DP17 C.leucogaster, Congo OK17 C.leucogaster, Congo 100 AMCC 871317 C.dorsalis 65 OR810 SDZ C.dorsalis 100 OR1131 SDZ C.dorsalis 58 OR761 SDZ C.dorsalis 100 OK10 C.dorsalis, Gabon 100 55 OK5 C.nigrifrons, Gabon Salonga01 faeces DP15 C.dorsalis, Congo 59 DP13 C.dorsalis, Congo 100 67 DP01 C.silvicultor, Congo 75 DP02 C.silvicultor, Congo 98 Salonga04 faeces 100 Ndoki10 faeces 76 OR356 SDZ C.silvicultor OR409 SDZ C.silvicultor 100 OR1786 S.grimmia 100 OR1910 S.grimmia OR1502 S.grimmia AJ235317 C. leucogaster 100 Ndoki12 faeces 100 Ndoki08 faeces DP11 C.callipygus, Congo DP10 C.callipygus, Congo 002758 SDZ C.niger 025470 SDZ C.zebra 100 Ndoki03 faeces 100 Salonga05 faeces 63 Ndoki04 faeces 100 Ndoki07 faeces Ndoki06 faeces 100 KB11228 SDZ C.rufilatus 100 Salonga08 faeces G4580 T.scriptus, Ghana 100 DKME52 T. spekii, Gabon 96 DKMR53 T. spekii, Gabon 99 A26 T.scriptus, Ethiopia T3553 T.scriptus, Tanzania Z45 T.scriptus, Cameroon Phylogenetic Trees Figure 6. Preliminary control region bootstrap consensus phylogeny. Target species are in color. Fecal samples are in grey and were collected from Lopé N.P., Gabon (Site 2), Ndoki/Congo (Site 12) and Salonga, DRC (Site 13). The phylogeny was rooted with T. scriptus and T. spekii.

  21. Species Identification -recovery of unknown species identity using phylogenetic trees These unknown fecal samples group with the samples we know to be C.monticola, so we are able to identify them as C.monticola as well.

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