В какое время писал Д. Чосер? На каком диалекте писал Д. Чосер?

1. В какое время писал Д. Чосер? • На каком диалекте писал Д. Чосер? • В чем заключается ценность Кентерберийских рассказов (с точки зрения истории английского языка)? • О чем это произведение?

2. Middle English Vocabulary

3. Internal means of enriching the vocabulary • Suffixation • - er (it was used to form nouns both from originally OE words and borrowed ones): leader, worker, traveler, hunter, gardener • - ing: meeting, fighting

4. - man: craftsman, gentleman • - y (from - iʒ): angry, happy, hearty • - ful, - less: doubtful, doubtless, • -en: happen, loosen, blacken

5. Prefixes • Mis -, un -, be - : betray, belong, unbind, misunderstand • New way of word-building: from homonymous forms of nouns and verbs: chance, call, smile • Compounding: penknife, bonfire, breakfast, afternoon.

6. Scandinavian borrowings • The consequences of various borrowing were different: • 1 . A new word was added to the vocabulary (because there was no synonym in English): law, fellow (fē +laga – ‘имущество’ и ‘складывать’)

7. 2. The English synonym was replaced by the borrowing: • niman - taken • clypian - callen • ēāʒþyrel (‘глаз’ ‘отверстие’) - wundoʒe «глазветра» vindauga

8. 3. Both the English and the corresponding Scandinavian words are preserved but they become different in meaning: • heaven - sky • starve - die

9. 4. Etymological doublets (words originating from the same source in Common Germanic): • shirt - skirt • shatter - scatter • raise - rear

10. 5. Doublets that were the same in meaning but slightly different phonetically: give, get (from Sc. gefa, geta, cf. OE - Ʒiefan, Ʒietan) 6. There may be a shift of meaning: dream – in OE had the meaning of ‘joy, pleasure’, bread– ‘a piece’.

11. French borrowings • The words borrowed from French are found in many areas: • Government and Administration: govern, government, administer, crown, state, empire, royal, majesty, treaty, statute, parliament, tax, rebel, traitor, treason, exile, chancellor, treasurer, major, noble, peer, prince, princess, duke, squire, peasant, slave, servant, vassal.

12. Law: justice, equity, plaintiff, judge, advocate, attorney, petition, inquest, felon, evidence, sue, accuse arrest, blame, libel, slander, felony, adultery, property, estate, heir, executor.

13. Military: army, navy, peace, enemy, arms, battle, spy, combat, siege, defence, ambush, soldier, guard, mail, buckler, banner, lance, besiege, defend, array.

14. Religion: theology, sermon, confession, clergy, clergy, cardinal, friar, crucifix, miter, censer lectern, abbey, convent, creator, savior, virgin, faith, heresy, schism, solemn, divine, devout, preach, pray, adore, confess.

15. Clothing: habit, gown, robe, garment, attire, cape, coat, collar, petticoat, train, lace, embroidery, pleat, buckle, button, tassel, plume, satin, taffeta, fur, sable, blue, brown, vermilion, russet, tawny, jewel, ornament, broach, ivory, turquoise, topaz, garnet, ruby, pearl, diamond

16. Food: feast, repast, collation, mess, appetite, tart, sole, perch, sturgeon, sardine, venison, beef, veal, mutton, port, bacon, toast, cream, sugar, salad, raisin, jelly, spice, clove, thyme.

17. Art, Learning, Medicine: painting, sculpture, music, beauty, color, image, cathedral, palace, mansion, chamber, ceiling, porch, column, poet, prose, romance, paper, pen, volume, chapter, study, logic, geometry, grammar, noun, gender, physician, malady, pain, gout, plague, pulse, remedy, poison.

18. Turns of phrase: by heart, on the point of, without doubt, have mercy on, come to a head, take pity on.

19. Productive affixes from French: pre-, super-, inter-, sub-, dis-, -ance, -ence, -ant, -ment, -tion.

20. Borrowings from French had several effects on English: • Native words were replaced: • OE aeðele – F. noble; • OE aeðeling – F. nobleman; • OE here – F. army; • OE campa – F. warrior; • OE sibb – F. peace; • OE leod – F. people; • OE stow - Fr. place.

21. English and French words were retained with a differentiation in meaning: • hearty – cordial; • ox – beef; • sheep – mutton; • swine – pork; • calf – veal; • house – mansion.

22. Latin Borrowings • In a sense the French words were Latin borrowings since French developed from Vulgar Latin--as did all the Romance languages. • The borrowings that came directly from Latin tended to be more learned in character – e.g., allegory, index, magnify, mechanical, private, secular, zenith.

23. It has been pointed out that as a result of Middle English borrowing from French and Latin, Modern English has synonyms on three levels: popular (English), literary (French), and learned (Latin), as in rise – mount – ascend; ask – question – interrogate; fire – flame – conflagration; holy – sacred – consecrated.

24. Norman French vs. Parisian French • Norman French (northern dialect of French) dominated for 200 years (Norman loans into English) • Paris becomes the center of France • Parisian French became the prestigious dialect (Parisian loans)

26. Questions ME Verb • Variant 1 • How did the system of strong verbs change during ME? • How did the infinitive forms develop? • Variant 2 • What are the three sources that the appearance of the Gerund can be traced to? • What was the marker of the third Pers. Sg. In ME? Which form was it later replaced by?