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Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding

Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding. Dagmar Schneidrová Department of Child and Youth Health 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague. Nutrition and Child Health. Infants and young children esp. sensitive to external factors (e.g. nutrition)

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Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding

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  1. Promotion, Protection and Support of Breastfeeding Dagmar Schneidrová Department of Child and Youth Health 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University Prague

  2. Nutrition and Child Health Infants and young children esp. sensitive to external factors (e.g. nutrition) First 2 years = a critical period for: - growth and development - health in infancy and childhood - health in adulthood

  3. Breastfeeding = a normative model(American Pediatric Academy, 1997) Breastfeeding is a preferred mode of feeding considering benefits: • Nutritional • Immunological • Health (morbidity, mortality) • Developmental • Economical a ecological

  4. Nutritional benefits of breast milk Composition changes in the course of development (preterm, fullterm infants), single feeding (foremilk, hindmilk), in relation to exposure to infection (e.g. IgA) Optimal concentration of nutrients, high bioavailability, lower intake of calories Growth factors– epidermal growth factor, hormons Protective factors - immunoglobulins, lymphocytes, leucocytes, macrophages, lysozym, bifidus factor etc.

  5. Risks of artificial feeding(in developing countries risks are elevated above these levels) • Increased risk of acute illness: • Gastroenteritis: 3-4x risk (developing countries 17-25x) • Acute otitis media: 3-4x risk • Lower respiratory tract infections (e.g. pneumonia) • Bacterial infection requiring hospitalization: 10x risk • Meningitis: 4x risk (e.g. Enterobacter sakazakii) • Higher mortality from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

  6. Risks of artificial feeding • Increasedrisk of chronic conditions and illnesses: • Allergies -atopic dermatitis, asthma • Type 1, type 2 diabetes • Obesity • Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, coeliac disease • Childhood lymphomas (5-8x risk), leukaemia

  7. Risks of artificial feeding • Dose-related difference in mental development: • Lower scores of mental development tests at 18 months • Difference in mental development and school performance at 3-5 years • Lower scores in prematures on intelligence tests at 7-8 years • Deficits in neurological development (lack of essential fatty acids) • Difference in visual acuity

  8. Risks of artificial feeding • Effects on mother: • Increased risk of anaemia due to early return of menstruation • Increased risk of new pregnancy • Higher risk of impaired bonding, abuse, neglect and abandonment of the child • Increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer

  9. Breastfeeding and health of infants and mothers(Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, USA 2007) Systematic epidemiological research : 43 studies on infants health 43 studies on mothers health 29 systematic metaanalyses(400 studies) compared health outcomes in infants breastfed and artificially fed (breast-milk substitutes) indeveloped countries Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, Chew P, Magula N, De Vine D, Trikalinos T, Lau J. Breastfeeding and Maternal and Infant Health Outcomes in Developed Countries. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment No. 153. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, April 2007.

  10. Breastfeeding = lower morbidity Infants Nonspecific gastroenteritis Necrotizing enterocolitis Acute otitis Infections of lower respiratory tract Sudden infant death (SIDS) Atopic dermatitis Asthma in young children Obesity Diabetes (type 1, 2) Child leukaemia Mothers Diabetes (type 2) Carcinoma of breast Carcinoma of ovaria

  11. Optimal Infant Feeding Practices(WHO Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding, 2002) • Based on the evidence of nutrition´s significance in the early months and years of life • Lack of excl. BF during the first 6 months of life - important risk factor for infant and childhood morbidity and mortality (scientific and epidemiological evidence – www.ibfan.org - News - Breastfeeding Briefs)

  12. Optimal Infant Feeding Practices(WHO Global Strategy on Infant and Young Child Feeding, 2002) • Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months • Complementary feedingwith continued breastfeedingfrom 6 to 24 months and beyond • Timely • Adequate • Safe • Appropriately fed

  13. Acceptable medical reasons for use of breast-milk substitutes (WHO, 2009)

  14. Health problems in the infant(WHO, 2009) Breastfeeding and supplementation • Very lowbirthweight(below 1500 g) • Prematurebirth(before 32nd week) • Hypoglycaemia(hypoxic stres, motherswith diabetes, etc.) Contraindicatinsof BF • Galaktosaemia(infant formulawithout galactose) • Maplesyrupdisease(infant formulawithout leucine, isoleucine and valine) • Fenylketonurie (infant formulawithoutphenylalanine)

  15. Health problems in the mother(WHO, 2009) a) Contraindications of breastfeeding • HIV/AIDS infection • HTLV-1, 2 infection (India, Africa, Japan) b) Temporary interruption of breastfeeding • Serious illness (e.g. sepsis) • Herpes simplex virus 1 infection (HSV-1) • Varicella • Active TBC • Medication in mother (sedatives, antiepileptics, opioids, radioactive iodine – J-131, cytotoxic chemotherapy) c) Breastfeeding and management of the problem • Mastitis, abscess of breast • Hepatitis B, C, TBC (posit. tuberculine test) • Using addictive substances

  16. Risks related to using powdered infant formula (PIF) WHO Study (35 countries) - found patogens (Enterobacter sakazakii, Salmonella) in 20% from 141 samples of PIF - E. sakazakii – rare, but lethal cases of menigitis, NEC and sepsis (40-80% mortality) European Council for Food Safety and WHO (2007) - issued guidelines for health workers and parents – information on risk, hygienic preparation and proper use of PIF products Study at the 3rd Faculty of Medicine (2009) – - survey at 10 hospitals (20 departments) - found shortcomings in awareness of possible contamination of PIF and its preparation

  17. WHO/UNICEF Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding (2002) • The goal - to improve the survival, growth and development of children during the first years of life through protection, promotion and support ofearly and exclusive breastfeeding for the 6 months, followed by continued BF for up to 2 years or longer with age-appropriate, complementary feeding (www.who.int)

  18. WHO/UNICEF Global Strategy Guidelines for Implementation • Develop National Policy and Programmes • A national BFcoordinator and a multisectoral BFcommittee • BFHI (Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative) - all maternity services should fully practise the Ten Steps to Successful BF (www.who.int – BFHI) • Ensure multisectoral support for optimal BF -provide consistent messages from all sectors

  19. WHO/UNICEF Global Strategy Guidelines for Implementation • Support proper complementary feeding • Address exceptionally difficult situations - HIV/AIDS, emergencies, etc. • Maternity Protection - legislation to protect the BF of working women (ILO Convention 2000/No. 183) • Support implementation of Internatinal Code of Marketing of BMS and subsequent relevant WHA Resolutions (www.ibfan.org)

  20. Breastfeeding promotion in CR(since 1991) Collaboration with: Professional organizations at national and international level (WHO, UNICEF, IBFAN, LLLI): * Education, training, publications, campaigns (WABA) Ministry of Health, Parliament of the CR: * Guidelines for health care based on BFHI (MoH) * Law on advertisement (BMS) * EU directives on marketing of BMS National Lactation Centre (FTN Prague 4 - Krč): * training lactation counsellors (800 health profs, 250 mothers) * evaluation of „Baby-Friendly Hospital“ (66 from 99)

  21. The ten steps to successful breastfeeding (BFHI) 1. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is routinely communicated to all health care staff. 2. Train all health care staff in skills necessary to implement this policy. 3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and management of breastfeeding. 4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within one half hour of birth. 5. Show mothers how to breastfeed and how to maintain lactation even if they should be separated from their infants. 6. Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breast milk, unless medically indicated. 7. Practice rooming-in – allow mothers and infants to remain together – 24 hours a day. 8. Encourage breastfeeding on demand. 9. Give no artificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies or soothers) to breastfeeding infants. 10.Foster the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to them on discharge from the hospital or clinic.

  22. Impact of marketing of BMS (breast-milk substitutes) • Advertisements in antenatal clinics (Howard, C. et al, 2000) • - associated with BF discontinuation in first 2 weeks • - negative impact on BF duration in women who decided to BF less than 12 weeks or did not decided about infant feeding

  23. Impact on marketing of BMS (breast-milk substitutes) • Commercial hospital discharge packs (Donnelly, A, Snowden DM, Renfrew MJ, Woolridge MW (UK). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000): • Research in medical electronic databases • Analysis of 9 clinical studies (3730 women from North America) showed that: • - exclusive BF was reduced in the presence of commercial hospital discharge packs (preliminary introduction of complementary foods)

  24. Case study(Prague maternity hospital) • Commercial discharge packs : • * Distributed by the company PROSAM to new mothers upon the card filled with personal data, agreement with further mailing of promotional materials • Hipp - sample of instant tea (from the 4th month) • - sample of complementary foods • Avent – promotion of aids for BF, bottles and teats • - bottle and teat • Happy Baby – information brochure on care for the baby

  25. Happy Baby (brochure)

  26. www.mojedite.cz(Nutrilon, Milupa, Hamilon, Hami, Deva, Ben)

  27. Lower nutritional value (compared to fresh food) Similar consistence does not suit developmental needs of the infant Costs money Burden for the environment (production, transport, adverts, waste) Advantages and disadvatages of commercial complementary foods • Comfortable • Saves time

  28. Complementary foods (promotionversus WHO guidelines) • Promotion materials, labelling: - instant sweetened teas from 1 week • - vegetable/meat and fruit mixes, juices, instant cereals from 4 or 5 months • WHO guidelines (Global strategy, 2002): -complementary foods after 6 months (early introduction – increased risk of infections, allergies and caries, no advantages in terms of weight gain)

  29. Complementary foods (World Health Assembly Resolutions) • WHA 1996 – CF should not be marketed or used in ways that undermine exclusive and sustained BF • WHA 1986, 2001 – product labels and adverts should not state that products are suitable in the first 6 months • WHA 2001 – recommends using fresh nutritious foods

  30. BF Protection Regulations • International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (WHO, 1981) • Subsequent Relevant Resolutions of WHA • EU Directive No. 141/2006 • National legislation (see - www.ibfan.org)

  31. International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (WHO 1981) • Art. 4 Information and education • Art. 5 Public and mothers • Art. 6 Health care systems • Art. 7 Health workers • Art. 9 Labelling

  32. Art. 4.2 Information and educational materials for pregnant women and mothers • Should be distributed via the health care system • Benefits and priority of breastfeeding stressed • Importance of healthy nutrition in mother • Negative impact of supplementation with a bottle • Health risks related to infant feeding • Instruction on proper use of infant formula • Financial consequences of artificial feeding • No texts, figures idealizing infant formula

  33. International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (WHO 1981) • Art. 6.2 – „No health care facility should be used for promotionof breastmilk substitutes, bottles and teats…“ • Art. 5.2 – „Distributors should not provide samples of products to mothers“.

  34. Art. 7 Health workers • Should support and protect breastfeeding • Should not receive any financial or material incentives for promotion of BMS • Should not distribute samples of products to pregnant women and mothers

  35. Art. 9 Labelling „Important statement“: • stressing priority of BF • product use should be consulted with health professional • instruction on proper preparation • warnig against health risks • no texts or figures idealizing BMS

  36. EU Directive No.141/2006 • Regulations for promotion, labelling and information on infant and follow-on formula in accordance withInternational Code of Marketing of BMS • Prohibits free or low-cost products, samples or gifts provided via health professionals • Urges member states to transform the directive into national legislation

  37. Protection of BF in CR • Directive of MoH No. 54/2004 on foods for special purposes (standards for composition and labelling of BMS) • Law on advertizing No. 138/2002 on infant feeding

  38. Births in BFH and percentage of BFH (EU)(Cattaneo, Romero, Lhotská, 2010)

  39. Excl. BF Infants in BFH, other hospitals

  40. Long-term breastfeeding in CR (6 months nad later) (IHIS CR, 2010)

  41. Further reading • Infant and young child feeding: Model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. WHO, 2009 (http://www.who.int): (Sessions 1,2,3,4,5,9, Annex 1,2)

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