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Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound

Learn about Robert Moog, microphones (condenser, magnetic, dynamic, ribbon, piezoelectric, carbon), amplification with vacuum tubes and transistors, and analog recording media (mechanical, magnetic, optical). Understand the principles of playback in analog recording technology.

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Physics 1251 The Science and Technology of Musical Sound

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  1. Physics 1251The Science and Technology of Musical Sound Unit 4 Session 38 MWF Analog Recording and Playback

  2. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Who is Robert Moog and why is he important? Robert Moog (rhymes with vogue) invented the Moog Synthesizer, a pioneering instrument in the development of the synthesizer.

  3. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 1′ Lecture: • Recording requires a transducer, such as a microphone, to produce an electrical signal. • Common types of microphones are (1) condenser; (2) magnetic; (3) dynamic; (4) ribbon; (5) piezoelectric; (6) carbon. • Recording also requires amplification as well as a storage medium. • Analog recording media include vinyl record, magnetic tape, magnetic disk and optical film. • Playback uses physical principles in which mechanical oscillations, magnetic domains and optical density variations produce electrical signals that are analogous to the recorded sound.

  4. N S Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20An electric guitar uses a magnetic pickup that produces an electrical signal by a time-varying magnetic field. Steel Guitar String Pickup

  5. N S Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20The Faraday Effect : a magnetic field that varies in time produces a voltage and current in a coil. Current

  6. + + + + + + + + + + + + Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20A Condenser Microphone uses electric induction to produce an electrical signal. Charge = V (εo S/x) Voltage V Current I

  7. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20Magnetic Microphone: a small magnet, attached to a moving diaphragm induces a voltage and current in a coil. Current I Voltage V

  8. Current I Voltage V Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20Dynamic Microphone: a diaphragm moves a small coil in a magnetic field inducing a voltage and current. N S N

  9. Current I Voltage V Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20A Ribbon Microphone uses a light weight ribbon of metal moving in a magnetic field to produce electrical signals. N S

  10. - - - + + + + + + + + + Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20Piezoelectric Microphone: a thin crystal is bent which produces a small voltage. Voltage V

  11. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20Carbon Microphone: a diaphragm compresses a sealed container of carbon granules, changing its resistance. Current I I = V/R Voltage V

  12. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Microphones: • Electrostatic—Induction • Condenser • Magnetic—Faraday Effect • Magnetic • Dynamic • Ribbon • Piezoelectric—Piezoelectric Effect • Carbon—Ohm’s Law

  13. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20A Vacuum Tube is an electronic device that amplifies electrical signals by permitting a small voltage to modulate a much larger current. Cathode Vin Vout Grid Plate Gain = Vout /Vin

  14. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Amplification: Gain G = Vout / Vin Vout = G Vin Vout Vin

  15. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording 80/20A Field Effect Transistor (FET) is a solid state electronic device that permits amplification of electrical signals. Gate Source Drain Silicon Dioxide Silicon

  16. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Analog Recording Media: • Mechanical • Edison’s Phonograph • Vinyl LP Records • Magnetic • Magnetic Tape • Magnetic Disk • Optical • Audio Track on motion picture film

  17. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Mechanical: • Edison’s Phonograph

  18. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Mechanical: • Edison’s Phonograph • Vinyl LP Records

  19. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Analog Recording Media: • Magnetic • Magnetic Tape • Magnetic Disk

  20. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Analog Recording Media: • Magnetic • Magnetic Tape • Magnetic Disk Ferro-metal Oxide Tracks

  21. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Analog Recording Media: • Optical • Audio Track on motion picture film Stereo Audio Tracks

  22. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Analog Recording Media: • Optical • Audio Track on motion picture film Stereo Audio Tracks

  23. Physics 1251 Unit 4 Session 38 Analog Recording Summary: • Common types of microphones are (1) condenser; (2) magnetic; (3) dynamic; (4) ribbon; (5) piezoelectric; (6) carbon. • Vacuum tubes and transistors provide amplification by permitting the input to modulate a larger output current and voltage. • Analog recording media include mechanical, magnetic and optical storage. • Playback uses physical principles in which mechanical oscillations, magnetic domains and optical density variations produce electrical signals that are analogous to the recorded sound.

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