Women In Science

1. Women In Science

2. Historical • Discrimination against • Had different study location • Weren’t allowed into the more prestigious colleges • Sometimes not even allowed education pass high school

3. Tortula of Salerno

4. Tortula of Salerno • Born sometime around 1090 - Italian • The ScuolaMedicaSalernitana- the first medical school of the Western world • women were permitted to study there and even teach • Arguably the first gynecologist • Wrote the PassionibusMulierumCurandorum, ("The Diseases of Women"). • The Trotula Major a compendium of medical information relevant to the treatment of women, covering everything from anatomy and sex to menstruation and childbirth, and she wrote it in order to educate her male colleagues

5. Alessandra Giliani

6. Alessandra Gilani • was born in1307 • Died in a blazing inferno in 1326 at the age of 19 • She was a surgical assistant to Mondino De’ Luzzi • She developed a method of draining the blood from a corpse and replacing it with a hardening colored dye.

7. Midwifery Stone relief from Isola Dell’ Sacra, Ostia, 1st Century CE

8. Midwives: Historical • Midwifery was the earliest form of medicine and science that women were able to get into • Became a more popular method of child birth in colonial times • During the 1900’s MDs were more widely accepted due to their degree, midwifery numbers fell • Midwifery during this time was exclusively used for foreigner and non-whites • In the 1930’s midwifery became “professional” and was taught in universities (NY, KY, CA)

9. Agnodice

10. Agnodice • She was the first Midwife known • She’s a native from Athens • Agnodice had to cut her hair and done a tunic to represent herself as a man in order to study medicine. • She had to show the pregnant women that she was really a woman by raising her tunic.

11. Midwives: Present Day • Certified Nurse Midwives (CNM) • There are more than 7,000 certified in the U.S. • Midwives attend approximately 200,000 births annually • Pros • Potential cost savings • Less need for technology • Decrease in cesarean birthrate • Emphasis by CNM for health maintenance

12. Culture Women are discriminated against specifically for being women, having a culture did not and does not further hinder their opportunities to practice science or medicine. However, in some countries present day, women are still not allowed to attend school.

13. Lise Meitner

14. Lise Meitner • Born into a Jewish family in 1878 • Assisted Otto Hahn in the splitting of atoms • Because of WWII Lise had to leave Austria, leaving Otto Hahn to take all the credit for a collaborative discovery • She did not receive the Nobel Prize with Otto • (Being Jewish during the war lost Lise her chance to receive the Nobel Prize along with Otto Hahn.)

15. Perceived Barriers • Emotional connections • Empathy • Sympathetic • Self-conscious • Uneducated • Fewer opportunities • Societal levels

16. Jocelyn Bell Burnell

17. Jocelyn Bell Burnell • Astronomer and astrophysicist who discovered the first pulsars • Worked with Antony Hewish to discover the first radio pulsar, LGM-1 (Little Green Men 1) • Because she worked with a man, she was not recognized for her work • When Antony Hewish received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974, she did not

18. Breakthroughs • Despite early scrutiny by men, women now receive Nobel Prizes • Women are now allowed to participate in space exploration

19. Marie Curie

20. Marie Curie • First women to receive the Nobel Prize • Known as ‘the mother of modern physics” • First women to receive a PhD in science in Europe • Discovered and isolated polonium and radium and established the nature of radiation and beta rays • Established 200 permanent x-ray installations in France and Belgium

21. Contemporary Contributions • The ability to trace the circulatory system • The structure of DNA • The ability to split an atom • The existence of gynecology • The ability to better use crystallography

22. Rosalind Franklin • physical chemist and molecular biologist • discovering the helical structure of DNA • Rosalind Franklin worked on the DNA molecule from 1951 until 1953. Using x-ray crystallography she took photographs of the B version of the molecule.

23. Profile of Women in Medicine Today • More than 62% of female physicians are in 6 specialties: Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Family Practice, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Psychiatry, and Anesthesiology. • Female physicians Represent about 23% of physicians in Medical Teaching, 16% in Administration, and 18% in Research • 60% of women physician are under 45 years old; 40% are older.

24. AMA Women Physicians The major growth in the number of women in medicine has occurred over the past four decades. Number/Percent of Physicians Males Females 1970 308,627 92.4% 25,401 7.6% 1980 413,395 88.4% 54,284 11.6% 1990 511,227 83.1% 104,194 16.9% 2000 618,233 76.0% 195,537 24.0%

25. Works Cited • Lewis,J. Women history biographies [Online]. Available: http://www.womenhistory.about.com • Brucker, M. 2000. History of midwifery in US [Online]. Available: http://www.utsouthwestern.edu • Rosenhek, J. 2008. Medicine women: introducing the very first female physician… at the very first medical school [Online]. Available: http://www.articleswave.com • Gupta, R. 2008. Famous women scientists and inventors [Online]. Available: http://www.doctorsreview.com • Bragg, M. 1998. On giants’ shoulders: great scientist and their discoveries from Archimedes to DNA. NY, John Wiley & Sons Inc. • Watson, J. 1968. The double helix: a personal account of the discovery of DNA. NY, Touchstone. • Google Images