Introduction

1. Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to The Roman Republic. You will learn about the development of the Roman republic, and about the growth of its government, society, and military. Section 1: The Rise of the Roman Republic Section 2: The Government of the Republic Section 3: Roman Society Section 4: The Republic’s Growth and Crisis

2. myStory Tullia’s father saves the republic • How does Cicero feel about his daughter? • She was the apple of his eye • What evidence is there for Cicero’s feelings for Tullia? • He wrote letters about her to a friend • Why are his views about his daughter unusual in the Roman republic? • Daughters were much less valued than sons

3. myStory Tullia’s Father Saves the Republic • In what ways was Tullia excluded from Roman politics? • she could not participate directly or attend meetings at the Senate. • In what ways could Tullia be involved in Roman politics? • She could learn about Roman politics through her father and his friends.

4. myStory Tullia’s Father Saves the Republic • What was a positive effect for Cicero of his electionas a consul? • He gained power from his new position • What was a negative effect? • He made many enemies • How did Cicero respond to attemptsto overthrow the republic? • He spoke out against Catalina, sent an army against Catalina’s forces, and executed plotters without a trial

5. myStory What should governments do?

6. The Rise of the Roman Republic Key Ideas The Italian Peninsula and the area around Rome provided many natural advantages. Roman culture was influenced by Etruscan and Greek neighbors. The people of Rome overthrew their kings, founded a republic, and conquered Italy.

7. The Rise of the Roman Republic Key Terms forum—an open area in a city filled with public buildings, temples, and markets republic—a government in which citizens have the right to vote and elect officials.

8. The Rise of the Roman Republic Key Terms legion—the basic unit of the Roman army, including 4,500 to 5,000 foot soldiers maniple—a unit of between 60 and 160 soldiers that could move independently

9. The Rise of the Roman Republic What are some features of Italy’s geography? • Italy occupies a peninsula. Rome is near the center of that peninsula. • The Alps separate the peninsula from the rest of Europe. The Appenines run down the center of it. • Several large, flat plains provide land for farming. • Volcanoes help create fertile soil, but volcanic eruptions can sometimes threaten where people live.

10. The Rise of the Roman Republic The Beginning of Rome • Who did the Romans believe founded their city? • They believed Romulus and Remus founded their city after being saved form their uncle by a wolf and a shepherd. • http://www.schooltube.com/video/7575e41f7801ffd1743a/RomulusandRemus-JohnW • Why are Roman beliefs about the founding of their city important? • They tell us that Romans believed their city had a connection to the gods.

11. The Rise of the Roman Republic Factors That Helped Rome Grow • The early Romans drained a swampy area between two of the town’s hills. This became the Roman Forum. • A forum is an open area in a city filled with public buildings, temples, and markets. • The Roman forum was the center of Rome’s government, religion, and economy. • Natural Advantages • The city’s hills gave the Romans a natural defense against attack • Because Rome was located on the Tiber River, it had access to a nearby port. The river was perfect because it moved too fast for large boats so seagoing ships could not attack Rome • Key trade routes – Tiber Valley was a natural east-west route for trade. Several north-south trade routes crossed the Tiber River just south of Rome.

12. The Rise of the Roman Republic How did Rome change from a monarchy to a republic? Kings with broad powers ruled the city,with the consent of aristocratic senators. They were head of the army, chief priest, and supreme judge. Led wars.  Some kings treated their subjects badly,and this led to unrest in the kingdom.  Romans overthrew the king and formed a republic, in which citizens had the right to vote and elect officials. Free adult male citizens could play a role in the government.

13. The Rise of the Roman Republic The People of Italy • How did Greek culture get to Italy? • Greeks settled there and brought their culture with them. • Romans made Greek mythology their own by identifying their gods with those of the Greeks (Zues=Jupiter) • What are some ways that Etruscan culture influenced Roman culture? • Architecture, religion, alphabet • Explain the sequence of influence from Greeks and Phoenicians to the modern world. • Greek and Phoenician culture influenced Etruscan culture which in turn influenced Roman culture, which in turn influenced modern culture.

14. The Rise of the Roman Republic The Roman Army Legions of about 5,000 soldiers included maniplesof 60–160 soldiers. Maniples could adapt to geography and battle situations. This helped the Roman army conquer many enemies. Romans signed treaties with defeated enemies. Soldiers from defeated armies joined the Roman army. After the Romans left the area they were fighting in was that roads and bridges had been built in places they hadn’t existed before.

15. The Government of the Republic Key Ideas In the Roman republic, power was divided among many different people so that no one person could become too powerful. The government of the Roman republic was made up of three separate branches that held different powers. The Roman republic influenced later republics, including the United States.

16. The Government of the Republic Key Terms constitution—system of rules by which a government is organized veto—to stop or cancel the action of a government official or body

17. The Government of the Republic Key Terms magistrates—elected officials who enforce the law. toga—a garment worn by adult men as a symbol of Roman citizenship consuls—the top officials in the Roman republic

18. The Government of the Republic Roman Government • Rome had an unwritten constitution, a system of rules that organized the government. How is the US Constitution different? • Separation of powers kept any one person from holding too much power by allowing power to be shared among different people with set role. • One way they did this was by splitting offices between two men. There wasn’t just one top leader. They elected two called CONSULS. • Each consul could veto the action of the other • They were also limited to one year in office. • Checks and balances kept the branches of government from abusing their power. One branch could check, or stop, another branch from misusing its power. • Rule of law meant that even powerful people could be tried for breaking the law.

19. The Government of the Republic Roman Citizens • Free Roman men were citizens • Women and slaves were not and had not direct role in government. • The symbol of Roman citizenship was the toga. • Roman citizens had the right to a trial. • Any adult male citizen had the right to vote and responsibility to serve in the army if they could afford their own armor. • Patricianswere from oldest families. They were usually wealthy, and, at first, they controlled all government offices. • Plebeianswere the majority of Romans. They were not aristocratic. Many were farmers and artisans. They gained access to political offices over time.

20. Branches of Roman Government The Government of the Republic Roman Government

21. The Government of the Republic What was each branch of the Roman government like? • Assemblies In what way were the Roman assemblies democratic? • All adult males could participate in assemblies though the votes of the wealthy usually counted for more than those of the poor. • Assemblies elected officials and passed laws • Checked the power of the Senate and magistrates • Senate In what way was the Roman senate an oligarchy? • Made up of the wealthiest and best-known older Roman men • Chosen by an official called the censor • Did not represent the people • Guide to the state • Advised the assemblies and magistrates • Most powerful part of Roman government • Magistrates In what way were Roman magistrates like monarchs? • Wealthy men whose ancestors usually held high offices

22. The Government of the Republic The Race of Honors quaestors  accountants who kept track of the states’ money. If did well they may run for aedile. aedile  in charge of holding festivals and maintaining public buildings. tribunes of the plebs  tribunes were protectors of the plebians; had the right to veto laws praetors  judged cases, managed the city of Rome, and led armies in times of war consuls  top officials in Rome – lead the army and preside over the senate and magistrates.

23. The Government of the Republic In ancient Rome a dictator was an important public official. The senate could vote to name a dictator in times of great emergency Served for a maximum of 6 months and had complete power.

24. Roman Society Key Ideas Roman men were the leaders of their families while women had other roles. Life was very different for different classes of Romans. Religion was important to the Roman people, and the Roman government played a role in it.

25. Roman Society Key Terms patriarchal society—society in which men rule their families and people trace their origins through male ancestors paterfamilias—head of the household

26. Roman Society Key Terms villa—large country home established religion—an official religion supported by the government

27. Roman Society How was life different for men and women in Rome? Men • owned all property • had absolute power over their families and its slaves Women • could own personal property • had an active role in social life and participated in religious rituals • werenot allowed to vote, attend assemblies, or hold public office • were responsible for bearing and raising Roman children

28. Roman Society How was life different for rich and poor Romans? MOST Romans were poor free people or slaves. A small minority were wealthy. Rich • were small part of Roman society • made money from agriculture or business • owned slaves who did all the work • lived in large and luxurious houses;often had second houses in the country • participated in government and politics Poor • were largest part of Roman society • lived in crowded and dangerous conditions • were often tenant farmers or day laborers • also worked in shops or restaurants

29. Roman Society Slavery • How did people become slaves in the Roman republic? • Could be born into it, or if he/she was captured in war, kidnapped or fell into to much debt. • What kinds of jobs did slaves do? • Worked in mines or on large farms; some worked in homes, educated slaves worked as secretaries or teachers(Greeks) • In what ways could a slave become free? • Served loyally or buy their freedom • Freed slaves became citizens and could vote • Did Roman slaves ever fight backagainst their masters? • Yes – most famous Spartacus who led an army of rebel slaves in 70’s BC.

30. Roman Society How were Roman religion and government linked? • Rome had an established religion, supported by the government. • Top government officials were often priests or consulted religious experts about decisions. • Roman leaders believed their success or the success of the empire came from the favor of the gods.

31. Roman Society What should governments do? Think about government’s role in Roman society in terms of gender and class.

32. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis Key Terms empire—a state containing several countries or territories province—areas within a country or empire

33. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis Key Terms civil war—war between groups from the same country Augustus—title used by Roman emperors meaning venerable or greatly honored one

34. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis Rome versus Carthage 218 B.C. Hannibal attacks in daring strike over Alps; Rome barely avoids defeat. 204 B.C. Rome attacks Carthage; Hannibal must return home to defend his city and is defeated. 146 B.C. Still fearing Carthage, Rome destroys the city and sells its people into slavery.

35. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis How did the Punic Wars affect Rome? • Who did the Romans fight in the Punic Wars? Carthage • What were the results of the second Punic War? Rome was nearly destroyed by eventually triumphed • Describe the extent of Roman rule after the Punic Wars. Rome controlled most of the western half of the Meditteranean, Greece, and parts of Southwest Asia.

36. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis Growing Pains • How did Roman magistrates behave late in the republic? • They stole, looted, broke laws, and used violence to keep power • What two views about reform arose in the later years of the Republic? • Some favored reform that would improve lives of the poor, like giving out land. Others opposed this kind of reform. • How did Gaius Marius change the Roman military? • He allowed poor citizens to join and had the government pay for the equipment. This made the army larger and more professional.

37. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis What events led to the collapse of the republic? The power of generals increases.  Civil wars: Sulla vs. Marius; Caesar vs. Pompey/Senate  Caesar wins, makes himself dictator for life.  Senators kill Caesar.  More civil wars: Octavian vs. assassins; Octavian vs. Antony. Octavian becomes Emperor Augustus.

38. The Republic’s Growth and Crisis From Republic to Empire Describe the end of the Roman republic. Civil War continued after Ceasar’s death until the republic collapsed. It was replaced by a monarchy with Octavian as the first emporer.

39. Introduction Chapter Introduction This chapter will introduce you to The Roman Empire and Christianity. You will learn about the growth and decline of the Roman empire and its effect on later cultures. You will learn about a new religion that changed the world. Section 1: The Roman Empire Section 2: Roman Culture and Its Legacy Section 3: Origins of Christianity Section 4: Beliefs of Christianity Section 5: Decline of the Roman Empire

40. The Roman Empire Key Ideas Emperor Augustus and his successors helped bring about a long period of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. Rome reached new heights in practical technology.

41. The Roman Empire Key Ideas Long-distance trade helped make the Roman empire wealthy. Greco-Roman culture spread across the Roman empire.

42. The Roman Empire Key Terms deify—officially declare to be a god sPax Romana—the “Roman peace,” a long period of peace and prosperity in the Roman empire

43. The Roman Empire Key Terms concrete—a building material made by mixing small stones and sand with limestone, clay, and water aqueduct—a channel that moves water over land Greco-Roman—culture that included Greek and Roman elementsemerged in the Roman empire

44. The Roman Empire What changed when Octavian took control? • He took the title Emperor Augustus. • He held nearly total power and ended the Roman republic. • He stabilized the empire and made the army more loyal to him by raising the soldier’s pay. • He improved life for ordinary people by making life more peaceful.

45. The Roman Empire The Emperors and the Roman Peace • Who held powerin the Roman empire after Augustus? • His stepson, Tiberius – republic is gone now a monarchy • How did Romans choose new emperors? • There was not a clear method in place. • What problems resulted from Rome’s methods for succession? • Rome suffered from political scheming like killing leaders and military-imposed decisions.

46. The Roman Empire Roman Architecture • Roman architecture has influenced modern building. Many Roman buildings still stand today. • Concrete allowed the Romans to build large buildings more easily. Roads made transportation faster. Aqueducts helped Roman cities grow by supplying them with water.

47. The Roman Empire Rome’s Practical Achievements • What made the building of large domed structures possible for Romans? Explain. • The invention of concrete, which is lighter than stone, so the domes didn’t collapse • How were Roman cities differentfrom other cities of ancient times? • They were cleaner and more technologically advanced. • What did the Romans do with the water brought to cities by aqueducts? • Household water, public fountains, baths, waste removal

48. The Roman Empire How did the Roman economy work? • The Roman navy made sea travel safer, faster, and cheaper than land travel. Roman roads made land transportation faster as well. • The economy was based on farming, especially of grain to feed the growing Roman population. • Provinces grew wealthy from trade with Rome. • Stable currency throughout the empire helped the economy grow by making trade easier.

49. The Roman Empire The Roman Economy • How did farming help Roman provinces develop? • Farmers grew wealthy from sales in Rome, then spent money to build temples, theaters, and other markets in the provinces • Why is stable currency important? • Stable currency gives people trading at great distance confidence about the price they are paying and the value at what they are buying.

50. Roman Culture and Its Legacy Key Ideas The Romans made many achievements in art, literature, and science. Latin continued to be an important world language long after the fall of the Roman empire.