Behavioral

1. Behavioral Tomisha Nunn Stormie Wattenbarger Taylor Harris

2. Burrhus Frederick Skinner’s Life Born in Pennsylvania in 1904, psychologist B.F. Skinner began working on ideas of human behavior after earning his doctorate from Harvard. Skinner's works include The Behavior of Organisms (1938) and a novel based on his theories Walden Two (1948). He explored behaviorism in relation to society in later books, including Beyond Freedom and Human Dignity (1971). Skinner died in Massachusetts in 1990 While teaching at University of Minnesota, Skinner tried to train pigeons to serve as guides for bombing runs during World War II. This project was cancelled, but he was able to teach them how to play ping pong. Skinner turned to a more domestic endeavor during the war. In 1943, he built a new type of crib for his second daughter Deborah at his wife's request. The couple already had a daughter named Julie. This clear box, called the "baby tender," was heated so that the baby didn't need blankets. There were no slats in the sides either, which also prevented possible injury.

3. Skinner’s Thoughts Skinner's views were slightly less extreme than those of Watson. Skinner believed that we do have a such thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. Skinner believed that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning was based on the work of Thorndike (1905). Edward Thorndike studied learning in animals using a puzzle box to propose the theory known as the 'Law of Effect'. Skinner is regarded as the father of Operant Conditioning, but his work was based on Thorndike’s law of effect. Skinner introduced a new term into the Law of Effect - Reinforcement. Behavior which is reinforced tends to be repeated (i.e. strengthened); behavior which is not reinforced tends to die out-or be extinguished (i.e. weakened).

4. Skinner’s Process Positive Reinforcement Skinner showed how positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in his Skinner box. The box contained a lever in the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of receiving food if they pressed the lever ensured that they would repeat the action again and again. Positive reinforcement strengthens a behavior by providing a consequence an individual finds rewarding. For example, if your teacher gives you £5 each time you complete your homework (i.e. a reward) you are more likely to repeat this behavior in the future, thus strengthening the behavior of completing your homework

5. Behaviorism Behaviorism (or behaviourism), is an approach to psychology that combines elements of philosophy, methodology, and theory.[1] It emerged in the early twentieth century as a reaction to "mentalist" psychology, which often had difficulty making predictions that could be tested using rigorous experimental methods. The primary tenet of behaviorism, as expressed in the writings of John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner, and others, is that psychology should concern itself with the observable behavior of people and animals, not with unobservable events that take place in their minds.

6. Bandura’s Summary Bandura’s social learning theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. Theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation. People learn through observing others behavior attitudes and outcomes of those behaviors. “most human behavior is learned observationally through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed, and on later occasions this coded information serves as a guide for action” (Bandura). Social learning theory explains human behavior in terms of continuous reciprocal interaction between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental influences. Bandura believed in reciprocal determinism. Where the world and person cause each others behavior. While behaviorism states that ones environment causes ones behavior. He studied anger and thought that the environment was from ones behavior. He then thought about ones personality and put that in behavior. So he ended with three basic points. Behavior , environment, and the psychological processes.

7. Bandura’s Steps 1 Attention – various factors increase or decrease the amount of attention paid. Includes distinctiveness affective valence, perceptual, complexity, functional value. Ones characteristic affect attention 2. Retention- remembering what you paid attention to. symbolic coding, mental images. cognitive organization, symbolic rehearsal, motor rehearsal. 3. reproduction – reproducing the image. Including physical capabilities, and self observation of reproduction. 4. Motivation having a good reason to imitate. Includes motives such as past promised and vicarious.

8. Continued Time line • Albert Bandura was born December 4, 1925. • 1949 – Graduated from the University of British Columbia with a degree in Psychology. • 1952 – Received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from the University of Iowa. • 1953 – Began teaching at Stanford University. • 1974 – Served as President of the APA. • 1980 – Received the APA’s Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions. • 2004 - Outstanding Lifetime Contribution to Psychology, American Psychological Association. Jobs • Albert got offered a job at Standford University after he earned his phd • So he resigned from his other job because he already accepted. Theory He though that everyone should learn through observation • He did a test on a bobo doll on a women in front of children and she hit it and yelled at it and when she was done he gave them to he kids and they did the same thing.

9. John Broadus Watson • In 1878 John Broadus Watson was born to Emma and Pickens Watson. A less fortunate family in Greenville, South Carolina, his mother was very religious. John's father, with whom he was closer, did not follow the same rules of living as his mother. He drank, had extra-marital affairs, and left in 1891. Eventually John married Mary Ikes whom he met at the University of Chicago. Together they had two children, Mary and John. And, like his father, had affairs with a number of women. Watson & Rayner John and Mary finally divorced and he married one of his graduate students, Rosalie Rayner .They had two more children, James and William. John focused much of his study of behaviorism on his children. After Rosalie's death, his already poor relationships with his children grew worse and he became a recluse. He lived on a farm in Connecticut until his death in 1958.

10. More about John B. Watson • Because of his father’s actions john began to rebel, and get into lots of trouble. John started to act violent towards his teachers and mother. Until one day his teacher Gordon Moore at, Furman University, helped him turn his life around. Then john went to the University of Chicago. It was there at the University of Chicago, he decided to study comparative psychology and also studying animals. He wrote his dissertation (or long essay). ) about the relation between behavior in the white rat and the growth of the nervous system. In 1903 he received his doctorate and later became an associate professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins University.

11. John’s theory 1 • He saw psychology as the study of people's actions with the ability to predict and control those actions. This new idea became known as the behaviorists theory. During the next few years, different ideas about behaviorism studied, one of which was Watson's. His view of behaviorism was considered radical and was known for its extreme anti-mentalism, its radical reduction of thinking to implicit response, and its heavy and somewhat simplistic reliance on conditioned reactions.

12. John’s theory 2 • By eliminating states of consciousness as proper objects of investigation, Watson sought to remove the barrier of subjectivity from psychology which exists between it and the other sciences. The findings of psychology become the functional correlates of structure and lend themselves to explanations in Physic- chemical terms. • Psychology will have to neglect but few of the really essential problems with which psychology as an introspective science now concerns itself. In all probability even this residue of problems may be phrased in such a way that refined methods in behavior eventually will lead to their solution.

13. Cite page • http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/watson.htm • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behaviorism • http://www.simplypsychology.org/operant-conditioning.html • http://www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671#the-skinner-box • http://www.learning-theories.com/social-learning-theory-bandura.html