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Explore urban marginality in Chicago and Paris, revealing different paths to social inequality and citizenship in the First World. Uncover the impact of public policies on the formation of ghettos and exclusion areas in American and European cities. This book delves into the emergence of a new regime of marginality under neoliberal capitalism, examining the fragmentation of labor, social state retrenchment, and identity crises in stigmatized urban zones. Discover how youth culture, resistance, and deviance shape societal constructs and individual identities amid modern and post-modern urban realities.
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Comparative Stratification Urban Outcasts
Urban Outcasts • takes the reader inside the black ghetto of Chicago and the deindustrializing banlieue of Paris to discover that urban marginality is not everywhere the same
Loïc Wacquant • Drawing on a wealth of original field, survey and historical data, • Author shows that the involution of America's urban core after the 1960s is due not to the emergence of an 'underclass',
American Cities • Underclass= the joint withdrawal of market and state fostered by public policies of racial separation and urban abandonment…
European cities, • In European cities, by contrast, the spread of districts of 'exclusion' does not herald the formation of ghettos.
Compare 'Black Belt‘ vs Red • American and French ghettos • Comparing the US 'Black Belt' with the French 'Red Belt' demonstrates that state structures and policies play a decisive role in the articulation of class, race and place on both sides of the Atlantic.
Urban Outcasts • Sheds new light on the explosive mix of mounting misery, stupendous affluence and festering street violence resurging in the big cities of the First World.
different causal paths • By specifying the different causal paths and experiential forms assumed by relegation in the American and the French metropolis,
Book offers indispensable tools for rethinking urban marginality and for reinvigorating the public debate over social inequality and citizenship at century's dawn
Ghettos • . These defamed districts are not just the residual 'sinkholes' of a bygone economic era, but also the incubators of the precarious proletariat emerging under neoliberal capitalism
It also reveals the crystallization of a new regime of marginality fuelled by the fragmentation of wage labour, the retrenchment of the social state and the concentration of dispossessed categories in stigmatized areas bereft of a collective idiom of identity and claims-making.
It stems from the decomposition of working-class territories under the press of mass unemployment, the casualization of work and the ethnic mixing of populations hitherto segregated, spawning urban formations akin to 'anti-ghettos'.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE INITIAL BOND • The social sciences, particularly psychology's attachment theorists, have long postulated on the significance of the first bond. The child's attachment with its mother has long been suspected of being the bond upon which all eventual social bonds are based. Kennell and Klaus (1972) showed that as few as 16 hours of close contact between mother and infant immediately after birth produced better results on child development scales as late as five years after.
Paradoxically, • individualism seems to foster not only a preoccupationwith the self, but also an emphasis on close personal relationships
Murray Davis (1973) • Observes, a preoccupation with friendship and love emerged during • in Ancient Greece, • in the Roman empire, • during the Renaissance, • most recently and extensively, since the eighteenth century. urbanization in Western culture:
Gesellschaft/Vertical community • Without the traditional bonds of kinship and community, (gemeinschaft) the urban individual must construct a more consciously chosen social life to replace the world that was lost (1992:239).
Identity and Social Change • We witnessed Youth Culture and Resistance: • Key Observations include: • deviance and non-conformity • social construction of reality • youth as social movement
Deviance and Non Conformity • -attempts to be unique –stand out and fit-in. Hormones (biological determinism) • -Sociological explanation-economic uncertainty, tuition increased, loss youth jobs, abolition of grants.
Youth sexuality is often included in deviance discussion-some would say biological vs. social reality… • Youth as Movement-the burden of youth-marketization of higher education, consumer culture, the dynamics of the free market, traditional ideas and values around marriage and family.
Meaning/Identity • Social Construction of Reality-whether hip-hop, grunge, punk, mods, skinheads. They construct reality within the cohort. They develop world view distinct from others….Us vs. Them • See Dick Hebdige..Subculture: The Meaning of Style..
Life Course Career PatternsModernity Towards the Gold Watch Blues… • career maintenance stage- 55 and above…to 65. • peak employment period • high involvement at work • ritualism, go through the motions
Post Modernity JOBS-more interpretation, more definition in context White collar reality check: -defining job `productive manager, regional operations manager, sanitation engineer… - professionalism redefined-issues of credentialism • job structure-race, class and gender.
