Michel Foucault

1. Michel Foucault Security, Territory, Population Lectures at the College de France 1977-78

2. Structure • first three lectures deal with the issues of security and population; • fourth and most of the fifth lecture focus on the art of government; • the sixth through the ninth examine the history of pastoral techniques; • the tenth and eleventh discuss raison D’État; • and finally, the twelfth and thirteenth lectures deal with the important early-modern institution of the police.

3. Security • Discipline and security as two different systems of power because focus is different • discipline deals with individuals and security with populations • “disciplinary society” – Bentham’s Panopticon – ideal prison whose inmates would continually be open to surveillance by unseen observer • Security Society: the government of populations, through self-regulation, discipline achieved through norms and normalization (ex of Sexuality)

4. Sovereign operates on a territory; • Discipline operates on an individual; • Security operates on a population. • Security apparatus about modulation, not total reformulation of elements, is always in motion, with goal of best possible circulation of goods, things, people in the milieu (understood as the environment with actions and the materials on which action operates)

5. Individual and Population: Two Foci of Power • Anatomo-politics of the human body: the body as a machine, discipline and optimization of its capabilities, parallel increase in usefulness and docility • Bio-politics of population – focused on the species body, on mechanics of life, on births, deaths, health, life expectancy

6. Population • History: formerly about population of territory (as in depopulation due to epidemic) • Mercantilists: population the object of sovereignty (along with territory) and source of sovereign’s strength and could be regulated as productive force (number, work, docility)

7. Good government then understood as administrative monarchy (by analogy with head of family); • 18C discovery of demographic regularities (statistics as discipline of state) reconceptualize population as collection of subjects subjected to natural phenomena • Population: natural forces AND economic forces

8. Government interest: shift from security over territory to security over people, the management of the population • Management not through authoritarian dictate but diverse array of direct and indirect means of influence • Creates a “mutation” in organization and rationalization of methods of power

9. Power • “has the population as its target, political economy as its major form of knowledge, and apparatuses of security as its essential technical instrument” (108) • Together these three form governmentality • Major technique is production of knowledges that yield shared mentalities and norms on which they may be based • Power the outcome of dispersed actors and actions that together yield changes in mentalities and institutions

10. “A constant interplay between techniques of power and their object gradually carves out in reality, as a field of reality, population and its specific phenomena” (79) • Examples are the emergence of science of statistics and growing interest by state in public hygiene (example of smallpox inoculation and later vaccination)

11. Distinction between “government of populations” and “exercise of sovereignty over the fine grain of individual behaviours” • Self-regulation and normalization • Example of Sex: change in mentalities influences populations

12. History of Sexuality • Hystericization of Women’s Bodies • Pedagogization of Children’s Sex • Socialization of Sex • Psychiatrization of Perversions

13. Third lecture: use of inoculation (1720) and vaccination (1800) to draw out contrasts between sovereignty, discipline and security • Security apparatus from the point of view of normalization – technologies of normalization intervene by imposing a system of classification, hierarchization and distribution (discipline: normalizing gaze that orders and differentiates)

14. Normalization in Security System of Power • Example of inoculation and vaccination do not fit in the medical rationality of the time • Are a) strictly preventative, b) almost completely successful, c) effective without undue cost (pol. or ec.) to the population, and, d) were completely outside reigning medical theories

15. Four Corollary Developments Enabling Integration: • Emergence and application of statistical methods rendered the epidemic intelligible in terms of calculation of probabilities (risk) • Used material givens and turned their properties into target of modulation to produce a counter-effect (as in political/ec theory) (case) • Accumulated observations and practices increasingly focused on population and milieu (danger zones) • Creation of a new type of problem: the crisis as intelligibility of multiplication of cases pp. 60-61

16. Compare with Disciplinary Approach to Epidemics • Spatial separations • Quarantine • Discern not only afflicted but those in areas • Thought of miasma as imbuing areas not yet behaviours or identities • Case of cholera in Ghost Map -- miasma theory of illness (Hippocratic origin)

17. Pastoral Power • Individualization techniques and totalization procedures • Ensures salvation; sacrifices itself for the flock; looks after individual during entire life and not just whole community; needs to know inside of people’s minds and an ability to direct conscience.

18. Some Concepts: • bio-politics • The increasing state concern with the biological well-being of the population including disease control and prevention, adequate food and water supply, sanitary shelter, and education.

19. bio-technico-power(or bio-power) "Power is essentially what dictates its law to sex. Which means first of all that sex is placed by power in a binary system: licit and illicit, permitted and forbidden." (History of Sexuality, p.83). Bio-power emerged as a coherent political technology in the seventeenth century. It has two poles or components. First is the pole of scientific categories of human beings (think of species, population, race, gender, sexual practices, etc.). The second pole is disciplinary power which has the individual as its focus.

20. Disciplinary Power A form of surveillance which is internalized. With disciplinary power, each person disciplines him or herself. Disciplinary power is also one of the poles of bio-power. The basic goal of disciplinary power is to produce a person who is docile. This is connected to the rise of capitalism. Disciplinary power is especially important in the policing of sexual confession

21. Disciplinary Technologies Techniques for producing docile people. These are "techniques of discipline." "Without the insertion of disciplined, orderly individuals into the machinery of production, the new demands of capitalism would have been stymied.” (Dreyfus and Rabinow, p.135). The aim of disciplinary technology is to forge a "docile [body] that may be subjected, used, transformed and improved" (D and P)

22. Dispositif (Apparatus) • The concept of an episteme is insufficient and dispositif fills in the gap. An episteme is researched through the analysis of discourse (text), but there are practices (institutions, architectural arrangments, regulations, laws, administrative measures, scientific statements, philosophic propositions, morality, philanthropy) in addition to discourse which we may use to do a genealogical analysis of some particular situation .

23. Government “ [B]y government Foucault meant not so much the political or administrative structures of the modern state as 'the way in which the conduct of individuals or of groups might be directed: the government of children, of souls, of communities, of families, of the sick.... To govern, in this sense, is to structure the possible field of action of others” (Burchell et al, 1991)

24. Governmentality A centralization and increased government power. This power is not negative. It produces reality through "rituals of truth" and it creates a particular style of subjectivity to which one conforms or against which one resists. Since individuals are taken into this subjectivity (and recognize themselves in it) they become part of the normalizing force. Governmentality also includes a growing body of knowledge that presents itself as "scientific," and which contributes to the power of governmentality.

25. Governmentality and Experts Governmentality is a novel kind of governing that emerged in Europe during the sixteenth century. It happened when feudalism was failing and when their was a loss of power in the absolute monarch. Even though we do not have absolute power of the monarch now, we do have government. To a large extent this is internalized by people, but there is also surveillance and reinforcement for conforming to the rules. This new kind of governmentality was made possible by the creation of specific (expert or professional) "knowledges" as well as the construction of experts, institutions and disciplines (e.g., medicine, psychology, psychiatry) so that individuals who we think of as experts can claim the knowledge necessary to command the power of governmentality.

26. Pastoral Power: The Subject and Power Omnes et singulatum • The kind of power that is exercised by the Church. It rests on the church's power to assure individual salvation in the next world. It is linked with the notion of individualism (as in individual salvation). In modern times, the salvation in the next life has been commuted to a salvation in this life (health, wellbeing, security, etc.)

27. Police • The job of the police is the articulation and administration of techniques of bio-power so as to increase the state's control over its inhabitants. • Policing as akin to activities of social workers in history of policing.