Chapter 10: Detention and Interrogation

1. Chapter 10: Detention and Interrogation

2. Agenda • Authority to Detain • Who Maybe Detained • Interrogation and Treatment of Detainees • Other Treatment Issues • Due Process • Conclusion

3. Authority to Detain • Nature of the Law of War – prohibitive effect • Detention Authority Derived from Authority to Wage War [Hamdi] • Bush Administration • Emphasis on Presidential Power • But AUMF

4. Authority to Detain • Obama Administration – March 13th Memo • AUMF (not Presidential authority) • Al Qaeda, Taliban and associated forces • “As informed by the laws of war” • Habeas Cases • “Part of or substantially supporting” • Functional membership test • Al Bihani and the role of international law

5. Who May Be Detained • Prisoners of War, GC III • Categories of Article 4 • Civilian Internees, GC IV • Unlawful Combatants, CIL?

6. Prisoners of War • Members of the armed forces • Militia who comply with four provisions: • Are under responsible command. • Carry their arms openly. • Fixed, distinctive insignia, recognizable at a distance. • Comply with the law of war • Civilians accompanying the force • Levée en mass

7. Civilian Internees • Protected Persons, under Art. 4, GC III • Restraints on Liberty: • Assigned Residence • Internment Camps • Art. 42, Civilians in the territory of the enemy • Art. 78, Reasons for Internment: • Imperative Threats to Security • Safety of the Civilians

8. Unlawful Combatants • Historical Debate [see Chapter 5] • Unlawful Combatants – the Bush approach • Not associated with a state • Did not distinguish/comply with the law of war • Pres. declaration of the class/detention authority • Military Commissions Acts • Authority to prosecute [detain?] • Based on AUMF • Compared to lawful combatants • Now “Unprivileged Belligerents”

9. Interrogation – GPW Standards • Name, rank and serial number • Red Cross identification cards • Limitations on Interrogation: • No torture • No outrages upon personal dignity • No public humiliation • No coercion • No “disadvantageous treatment of any kind”

10. Interrogation - Controversy • Bush - “treat humanely, consistent with military necessity” • Torture Memos - torture narrowly defined • Debate over: • Cruel and Degrading Treatment • Outrages on Personal Dignity • “Torture light” from the Convention Against Torture • 5th Amendment Due Process, “shock the conscience”?

11. Some Cruel/Degrading Treatment Examples: • Beatings - Brazil, Burma, China, Egypt, Eritrea, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan, Zimbabwe • Binding/Shackling of Limbs - China, Eritrea, Israel, Pakistan • Blindfolding - Egypt, Israel, Turkey • Branding - Iraq • Burning - Iran, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Turkey • Denial of Food/Water - Burma, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan , Tunisia, Turkey, Zimbabwe • Dog Attacks - Libya • Dripping Water on Head - Turkey • Electric Shocks - Brazil, China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan • Exposure to Excessive Heat/Cold - Eritrea, Indonesia, North Korea, Turkey • Forced Painful Positions - Burma, Israel, North Korea

12. More Cruel/Degrading Treatment Examples: • Humiliation - Indonesia, Israel, North Korea, Pakistan, Turkey • Mock Executions – Turkey • Sexual Assaults - Egypt, Eritrea, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan , Tunisia, Turkey, Uzbekistan • Slapping – Turkey • Sleep Deprivation - Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Turkey • Solitary Confinement - China, Iraq, Jordan, North Korea, Pakistan, Tunisia • Stripping – Turkey • Submersion (Water-boarding) - Brazil, Tunisia • Suffocation - Indonesia, Libya, Uzbekistan • Suspension/Hanging by Limbs - Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Turkey • Threats (esp. of sexual abuse)

13. Interrogation – Restoring Standards • Detainee Treatment Act • Define the limits of cruel treatment • Banned serious physical/mental maltreatment • Common Article 3 and the Minimum Standards from AR 190-8 • EO 13440 – preserving CIA Interrogation Methods • FM 2-22.3 and Obama – back to GPW Standards

14. Other Treatment Issues • Minimum Humane Treatment Standards • Detention Standards • Obama EO on Guantanamo • Current Treatment Standards

15. DoD Directive and AR 190-8, General Protection Policy • Common Article 3 • All prisoners will receive humane treatment without regard to race, nationality, religion, political opinion, sex, or other criteria. • The following acts are prohibited: murder, torture, corporal punishment, mutilation, the taking of hostages, sensory deprivation, collective punishments, execution without trial by proper authority, and all cruel and degrading treatment.

16. GC Common Standards • Communal living • Adequate shelter/protection from harm • Medical care • Communication with the outside world • Camp administration • Food and hygiene • Religious accomodation • Education/recreation

17. Current Treatment Standards • Obama EO on Guantanamo • Humane Treatment • Walsh Report • Army Field Manuals and Regulations • AR 190-8 • FM 3-19.40 • Derogations only for “imperative reasons of security”. . . never below minimum standards

18. What Process is Due? • Article 5 (GPW) Tribunals • Article 78 (GC) Review • Hamdi – Administrative Due Process • CSRT’s and ARB’s • Boumediene • Habeas Explosion • Maqaleh – impact on the battlefield? • May 7th, 2011, Executive Order

19. Example – Detainee Review Boards in Afghanistan

20. Due Process Example • Law of war the lex specialis • Detainee Review Boards in Afghanistan • Independent Admin Boards • Witnesses and Evidence • Personal Representatives • Security Threat Standards • What about Human Rights Standards? • As a requirement or aspiration? • As a goal for transition to Host Nation?

21. Conclusion • Impact of Litigation • Domestic (or human rights) law • Guantanamo, wagging the dog? • Habeas litigation . . . • Prospects for Legislation? • Policy Changes • Law of War Impact (lex specialis) • Interrogation and Treatment • No more “no law zone”!

22. Questions?