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Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization

Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization. Democracy Wall (1978) Movement for increase in civil rights and liberties. Deng Xiaoping shut it down. Tiananmen Square (1989) Initially student protests Spread throughout country Crushed by PLA.

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Economic Liberalization NOT Political Liberalization

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  1. Economic LiberalizationNOTPolitical Liberalization • Democracy Wall (1978) • Movement for increase in civil rights and liberties. • Deng Xiaoping shut it down. • Tiananmen Square (1989) • Initially student protests • Spread throughout country • Crushed by PLA

  2. Economic LiberalizationNOTPolitical Liberalization • Charter 08 (2008) • 60thAnniv. Of Universal Declaration of Human Rights. • Liu Xiaobo (Nobel Prize Winner) jailed along with others.

  3. Local People’s Congress & Village Elections • Independent candidates allowed. Are elections “free and fair?” • CCP must confirm candidates. • CCP controls election committee. • CCP sets election laws. Problems faced by independent candidates?

  4. “China from the Inside: Village Elections” • If the CCP is not “infatuated with democracy,” why do they allow elections in the villages? • Will successful local elections increase or decrease the demand for larger democratic reform?

  5. Google in China “Don’t Be Evil” -- Google’s motto • Agreed to self-censorship in order to operate in China. “While removing search results is inconsistent with Google’s mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission.” --Google senior policy counsel Andrew McLaughlin

  6. Google.cn • Head of Government Relations fired for giving gifts of iPods to Chinese officials. • “Google Suggest” suggested links the Communist Party found offensive. • China hacked Google’s system. • Gmail accounts of dissidents and activists • Google ended self-censorship • Google.cn now just a referral page to Google.hk

  7. Religion in China • Atheism (official state position) Majority • Buddhism (From India) 8-15% • Christianity About 2% • Islam 1-2% • Taoism (Native to China) Less than 1% • Various other folk religions

  8. Religion in China • Technically protected by Constitution • 5 state-sanctioned “patriotic religious associations. . .” Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, & Protestantism • Strictly monitored and regulated • Catholics cannot profess loyalty to the Vatican • Religious can only proselytize in registered places • Tibetan Buddhists cannot venerate the Dalai Lama. • Other religious groups are outlawed.

  9. Questions for “The Rise of Tao” • Give examples of how the Chinese government closely regulates religious life. • Overall, does the Chinese government seem to be cracking down or loosening restrictions on religion? • Give examples.

  10. Falun Gong • Founded in 1992 • Physical and Spiritual Well-Being • 1999: Demonstration in Tiananmen Square • Attended by 10,000 • Outlawed as an “evil cult.” • Practitioners were jailed, beaten, and killed in police custody.

  11. Social Cleavages Urban and Rural • URBAN 690.8 million 51.3% (United States=82%) • RURAL 656.6 million 48.7% (United States=18%) • China’s National Bureau of Statistics, April 2011

  12. SIGNIFICANT INCOME INEQUALITY Urban Households Rural Households

  13. Hukou System • System of registering people by household & region. • Registered by city, town, or village • Used by Mao to keep poor farmers out of cities. • Perpetuates urban-rural division • Rural migrants living in cities cannot receive: • Subsidized housing, public education past elementary, public medical insurance, or welfare payments.

  14. Social Cleavages Rich and Poor • GINI Coefficient Index: • Measures amount of income inequality in a country. • 0=perfect equality 1=total inequality

  15. GINI Coefficient Index • Norway .26 • United Kingdom .36 • Russia .40 • United States .41 • Iran .43 • Nigeria .44 • Mexico .46 • China .47 • UN Human Development Report, 2008 GINI Coefficient Index Measures amount of income inequality in a country.

  16. “The End of the Chinese Dream” • “It’s not simply income equality that bothers people.” • “Inequality of privilege” • Guanxi • “My father is Li Gang.”

  17. Geographical CleavageWest & East Ethel Wood. AP Comparative Government and Politics. 4th Edition (Wood Yard Publications, Pennsylvania, 2009.

  18. 8% 6% 27% 11% 8% 4% 17% 10% 8%

  19. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_map_folio/txu-oclc-588534-54932-10-67-map.jpghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/middle_east_and_asia/china_map_folio/txu-oclc-588534-54932-10-67-map.jpg

  20. The People of China • Han Chinese 91% • 55 recognized minority groups 9% • Tibetans • Uighurs • Mongolians

  21. TIBET • Since 13th Century: periods of Chinese rule • 1911-1949: China withdrew • 1950: Mao reasserted control • 1959: Dalai Lama fled • 1965: Tibetan Autonomous Region • Part of China • Theoretically has greater self-control • 2008: series of riots • Year of the Beijing Olympics

  22. Uighurs • Muslims of Turkish descent • Autonomous Region of Xinjiang

  23. Uighurs • Victims of discrimination • 2009 Riots: Protest the death of 2 factory workers (turned violent) • Uighurs targeted Hans. 197 killed.

  24. Mongolians • Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia • 2011 protests • Mongolian herder run over by Han coal truck driver.

  25. China’s Policies in Autonomous Regions • Crackdown on religious rights (especially Tibet and Xinjiang) • Shutdown access to information • Arrests and show of force– large security presence • Death penalty for Han driver (Mongolians) • Closed-circuit cameras • Large-scale financial investment • Economic development zones • More welfare– housing, schooling (Tibet & Mongolia) • Flood regions with ethnic Hans • Intermarriage with Hans • Hans given preferable jobs and economic opportunities • Emphasize Chinese– not minority– culture • Exemption from one-child policy (Mongolians) • Driven from grasslands (Mongolians) • Against traditional culture

  26. One-Child Policy (1980) • 1950: 500,000 million • 1980: Almost 1 billion • Extra Child? • Pay a fine (varies; but usually at least=annual income). • Punishment for not paying fine. • No hukou for child. • Loss of job; property destroyed • Enforced by Family Planning Officials • Lax enforcement in countryside • Mongolians allowed 2

  27. Issues Accompanying Policy

  28. Population Pyramids

  29. Hong Kong“One Country, Two Systems” • Formerly a British colony • 1997: Special Administrative region of China • High degree of autonomy • HK Constitution: Democratic Process • Beijing has some veto power • Service-based economy • Corporate and banking center • Separate currency

  30. Taiwan • 1949: Nationalists (KMT) under Chiang Kai-shek fled to island • China claims sovereignty over Taiwan • No separate seat at UN • Strong economy: computer technology

  31. Taiwan Tensions with China • Efforts at formal independence. • U.S. supplies weapons to Taiwan. • Chinese missiles pointed at Taiwan. Easing Tensions with China • 2009: Leaders exchanged messages. • 2010: Trade Pact

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