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Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines

Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines. Dr. Philip Sargent MIM MBCS CDipAF CEng. Diboride Conductors Ltd. Power Superconductors. Power Superconductors. Cost of Capital – when the superconductor is costly. Lower capital costs, Expensive capital. Lower running costs,

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Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines

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  1. Cryogenic Efficiency & Losses in AC Power Machines Dr. Philip Sargent MIM MBCS CDipAF CEng. Diboride Conductors Ltd.

  2. Power Superconductors

  3. Power Superconductors

  4. Cost of Capital – when the superconductor is costly Lower capital costs, Expensive capital Lower running costs, Cheap capital, Cheap superconductor

  5. Generators, Transformers, Cables, FCLs, Motors, Grid conditioning, power storage Capital cost is most important for all of these in deregulated power markets Why superconductors? Higher power density, 100x the current Smaller Lighter (MgB2 is 1/3 the density of Copper) Cheaper to buy and install Cheaper to operate Entirely new capabilities (FCLs) Engineering Needs

  6. HyperTech CTFF for MgB2 CONTINUOUS TUBE FORMING AND FILLING (CTFF)

  7. Pyrometallurgy: Mg + B + heat Powder in tube in situ Powder in tube ex situ Powder in tube ex situ + Mg Powder in tube + HIP CVD Mg + diborane Electrochemistry: Mg-borates in KCL Other chemical routes… ?? Boron Chemistry

  8. Magnetic Fields 2-5 T(except cables) AC use requires T > 20 K (cryogenic cost) Materials parameters: Low cost: ~ 10 $/kA.m Practical volumes: Je (Jc 105A/cm2 ) Low AC losses: W/kA.m at 50Hz. Flexible, low Je / strain sensitivity Materials Requirements

  9. Copper: 6 – 22 $/kA.m (400 to 100 A/cm2) Bi2223: 100 – 25 $/kA.m (2002 – 2005) Targets Dick Blaugher, NREL

  10. Market Segmentation Transformers and Fault-Current Limiters Motors, Generators, Energy-storage Power transmission Electronics

  11. Competitive Costs Paul Grant EPRI

  12. Bi-2212 4.2K, 0T IGC Comparative Performance "Sokolowski Plot" of HTSC Wire Performance and Cost 10000 $10 $1 /kAm $100 NbTi $1,000 4.2K, 2T 1000 Nb Sn 3 4.2K, 12-15 T Operating Current, Ic (A) 100 Y-123 IBAD 77K, 0T Bi-2223 77K,0T ASC “50” Bi-2223 77K, 0T 10 NKT Target 1 1000 100 10 1 0.1 Cost ($/m) Paul Grant EPRI

  13. 5 5 5 25 34 8 50 80 48 Transformers: a big prizeCost of Ownership in $/kW 2000 ABB SPI Phase I Analysis Paul Grant EPRI

  14. Current Leads? No. FCLs ? New capabilities! Transmission Cables ? Distribution Cables ? Dielectric + thermal + AC lossses Transformers ? 98% efficient. Generators ? Power stations,Wind turbines? Non-Utility Power Applications Motors 68% of industrial power Half of that over 750kW Power electronics & Cryogenics First Major Applications

  15. Materials Changeovers 100% Market Share 0% 5 10 15 Years Materials Changeovers

  16. Technology ‘S’ Curves Performance Effort

  17. Power Technologies 75y 16y MgB2 Performance HTCs Copper-Iron 2002 Effort

  18. Necessary Partner Technologies Cryogenics, not 99.999% reliable Power electronics, why use AC if DC can do it? Motors Higher power density, 100x the current Smaller, Lighter Cheaper to buy and install Transport: ships, trains Environmentally friendly Prefer wire not tape! Conclusions 12 April 2002

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