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CHAPTER 5. The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System. The Circulatory System. Blood Heart Vascular System. THE BLOOD. Formed Elements of Blood. Table 5-1. Cell Type Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs). Table 5-1. Description # of Cells/mm 3 D & LS Function
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CHAPTER 5 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Circulatory System
The Circulatory System • Blood • Heart • Vascular System
Formed Elements of Blood Table 5-1
Cell Type Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells, RBCs) Table 5-1 • Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function • Biconcave, 4-6 million D: 5-7 days Transport O2 & CO2 anucleate disc; DL: 100-120 salmon-colored; days diameter 7-8 microns )
Cell Type—Neutrophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus multilobed; 3000-7000 D: 6-9 days Phagocytize inconspicuous; LS: 6 hours bacteria cytoplasmic; to a few diameter 10-14 days microns
Cell Type—Eosinophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus multilobed; 100-400 D: 6-9 days Kills parasitic worms red cytoplasmic DL: 8-12 days destroy antigen- granules; antibody complexes; diameter 10-14 inactivate some microns inflammatory chemical of allergy
Cell Type—Basophils • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus lobed; 20-50 D: 3-7 days Release histamine large blue-purple DL: a few and other mediators cytoplasmic hours to a of inflammation; granules few days contains heparin, an anticoagulant
Cell Type—Lymphocytes • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus spherical 1500-3000 D: days-wks Mount immune or indented; DL: hrs-yrs response by direct pale blue cell attack or via cytoplasm antibodies
Cell Type—Monocytes • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Nucleus U- or 100-700 D: 2-3 days Phagocytosis; kidney-shaped; DL: months develop into gray-blue macrophages cytoplasm; in tissues diameter 14-24 microns
Cell Type—Platelets • Table 5-1 ) Description # of Cells/mm3 D & LS Function Discoid cytoplasmic 250,000- D: 4-5 days Seals small tears fragments con- 500,000 DL: 5-10 in blood vessels; taining granules days instrumental in stain deep purple; blood clotting diameter 2-4 microns
Centrifuged Blood-Filled Capillary Tube • Fig. 5-1. A centrifuged blood-filled capillary tube.
Normal Differential Count Table 5-2
Chemical Composition of Plasma • Water Food Substance • 93% of plasma weight Amino acids • Glucose/carbohydrates • Proteins Lipids • Albumins Individual vitamins • Globulins • Fibrinogen Respiratory Gases • O2 • Electrolytes CO2 • Cations N2 • Na+ • K+Individual Hormones • Ca2+ • Mg2+ • Anions Waste Products • Cl– Urea • PO43– Creatinine • SO42– Uric Acid • HCO3– Bilirubin Table 5-3
The Heart • Fig. 5-2. (A) anterior view of the heart. (B) posterior view of the heart.
Anterior View of Heart • Fig. 5-2. (A) Anterior view of the heart.
Posterior View of Heart • Fig. 5-2. (B) posterior view of the heart.
Relationship of Heart to Other Body Parts • Fig. 5-3. (A) the relationship of the heart to the sternum, ribs, and diaphragm. (B) Cross-sectional view showing the relationship of the heart to the thorax. (C) Relationship of the heart to the lungs great vessels.
Layers of the Pericardium and Heart Wall • Fig. 5-4. The layers of the pericardium and the heart wall.
Cardiac Muscle Bundles • Fig. 5-5. View of the spiral and circular arrangement of the cardiac muscle bundles.
Coronary Circulation • Fig. 5-6. Coronary circulation. (A) Arterial vessels. (B) Venous vessels.
Chambers and Valves of the Heart • Fig. 5-7. Internal chambers and valves of the heart.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulation • Fig. 5-8. Pulmonary and systemic circulation.
Neural Control and the Vascular System • Fig. 5-9. Neural control of the vascular system. Sympathetic neural fibers to the arterioles are especially abundant.
Components of the Pulmonary Blood Vessels • Fig. 1-29. Components of the pulmonary blood vessels.
Location of the Arterial Baroreceptors • Fig. 5-10. Location of the arterial baroreceptors.
Arterial Blood Pressure • When arterial blood pressure decreases, the baroreceptor reflex causes the following to increase: • Heart Rate • Myocardial Force of Contraction • Arterial Constriction • Venous Constriction
The Net Result • Increased cardiac output • Increase in total peripheral resistance • Return of blood pressure to normal
Types of Pressures Used to Study Blood Flow • Intravascular • Transmural • Driving
Intravascular Pressure • The actual blood pressure in the lumen of any vessel at any point, relative to the barometric pressure • Also known as “intraluminal pressure”
Transmural Pressure • The difference between intravascular pressure of a vessel and pressure surrounding the vessel
Transmural Pressure • Transmural pressure is positive when the pressure inside the vessel exceeds pressure outside the vessel, and • Negative when the pressure inside the vessel is less than the pressure surrounding the vessel
Driving Pressure • The pressure difference between the pressure at one point in a vessel and the pressure at any other point downstream in the vessel
Blood Pressures • Fig. 5-11. Types of blood pressures used to study blood flow.
Sequence of Cardiac Contraction • Fig. 5-12. Sequence of cardiac contraction. (A) ventricular diastole and atrial systole. (B) ventricular systole and atrial diastole.
Systemic Circulation • Fig. 5-13. Summary of diastolic and systolic pressures in various segments of the circulatory system. Red vessels: oxygenated blood. Blue vessels: deoxygenated blood.
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) • MAP can be estimated by measuring the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and using the following formula:
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MAP) • For example, the mean arterial blood pressure of the systemic system, which has a SBP of 120 mm Hg and a DBP of 80 mm Hg, would be calculated as follows: MAP = SBP + (2 x DBP) 3 = 120 + (2 x 80) 3 = 280 3 = 93 mm Hg
Mean Intraluminal Blood Pressure • Fig. 5-14. Mean intraluminal blood pressure at various points in the pulmonary and systemic vascular systems.
Major Arterial Pulse Sites • Fig. 5-15. Major sites where an arterial pulse can be detected.
The Blood Volume and Its Effect on Blood Pressure • Stroke Volume • Cardiac Output
Cardiac Output • Cardiac output (CO) is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume (SV) by the heart rate (HR)
Example • If the stroke volume is 70 mL, and the heart rate is 72 bpm, the cardiac output is:
Cardiac Output and Blood Pressure • Cardiac output directly influences blood pressure. Thus, • When either SV or HR increase, blood pressure increases • When either SV or HR decrease, blood pressure decreases