Farming and Ranching

1. Farming and Ranching Farming After the Civil War p. 424 - 427

2. Farming on the Rise • Farmers who moved to the drier parts of West Texas discovered that with the use of new techniques, they could produce profitable crops. • Windmills pumped water from underground sources up to the surface for livestock and household use. • Dry farming used a manner of plowing that left loose soil on top of the ground. The layers of loose soil kept water in the ground by slowing down the rate of evaporation. • Railroads also quickened settlement by encouraging farmers to settle along their routes.

3. Texans Rely on King Cotton • The most important crop grown in Texas was cotton. • The typical Texan in the late 1800s was not a rancher but a cotton farmer. • The cultivation of cotton had spread rapidly throughout the state. • Railroads played an important role in cotton farming; as tracks were built westward, farmers were provided with a cheap and efficient means of getting their cotton to market. • Better markets offered the chance of higher profits.

4. Texans Rely on King Cotton • Before the end of the century, Texas led the entire nation in honey production. • Farmers also grew sugarcane and rice along the Gulf Coast. • Elsewhere, they planted wheat, corn, and oats. • Many farmers did not succeed because they were unfamiliar with the land of Texas, did not know how to use the land properly, or did not know what crops were best suited for the land.

5. Texans Rely on King Cotton • Hardships included swarms of grasshoppers and droughts. • If there was a surplus of a crop, it would result in lower prices. • Although many farmers failed, they still paved the way for others who came later and who learned from and profited by their experiences.

6. The Tenant System Replaces Slavery • A new system of farm labor developed after the end of the Civil War. • After the Civil War, many smaller farms replaced the vast plantations. • These small farms were sold to new owners, or the were rented to tenant farmers. • Sharecroppers received a share of the value of the crop. • Sharecropping or tenant farming meant an end to the evils of forced gang labor.

7. The Tenant System Replaces Slavery • Many tenant farmers were former slaves who once had worked on the plantations • Most African Americans were sharecroppers. • Droughts, financial panics, overproduction of crops, problems with pests, and high charges by landlords often left tenants with no money. • It was difficult to succeed financially. • Sharecropping often put poor farmers into debt from which they were unable to escape. • Farming brought large numbers of people to Texas because it required more people than ranching. This led to forming new cities.