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Different Approaches to “Race Politics,” 1890s-1920s

Explore the contrasting approaches of Booker T. Washington, W.E.B. DuBois, and Marcus Garvey in the racially turbulent decades between 1890s-1920s. Washington's accommodationist stance, DuBois' activism, and Garvey's Black Nationalism are dissected against the backdrop of segregation challenges. Dive into this crucial period of African American history.

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Different Approaches to “Race Politics,” 1890s-1920s

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  1. Different Approaches to “Race Politics,” 1890s-1920s Booker T. Washington W.E.B. DuBois Marcus Garvey

  2. Booker T. Washington(1856 – 1915) • Graduated from Hampton Institute • Tuskegee Institute (1881) modeled on Hampton – focus on vocational training • 1895 “Atlanta Compromise” speech made him new black spokesman in whites’ eyes • Became leading black Republican • Control of patronage = source of power • Publicly accommodationist • Privately funded lawsuits challenging segregation

  3. W. E. B. DuBois (1868 – 1963) • Born & raised in Great Barrington, Mass. • Ph.D. from Harvard after spending 2 years at University of Berlin • Concern for “talented tenth” led to founding of Niagara Movement (1905) • Co-founder of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (1910) and editor of its magazine, The Crisis • Became Marxist & Pan-Africanist in 1940s – 50s

  4. The NAACP • White founders like Oswald Garrison Villard were children & grandchildren of abolitionists – felt obligation to complete the work • Black founders like DuBois & Walter White were educated, middle-class professionals who resented not being taken seriously • Focus on legal challenges to segregation • Guinn v. Oklahoma (1915) invalidated grandfather clauses • Buchanan v. Warley (1917) banned residential segregation ordinances • Amenia Conference (Aug. 1916) lessened tensions with Tuskegee

  5. The Urban League • Counterpart to NAACP • Focus on economic advancement – secured grants & loans for black-owned businesses • Worked with migrants moving to Northern cities during the Great Migration

  6. Black Nationalism • Alexander Crummell (1819 – 1898) • Episcopal priest • Missionary to Liberia for 20 years • Argued all blacks everywhere must unite • Henry M. Turner (1834 – 1915) • AME pastor & bishop (1880) • 1st black U.S. Army chaplain (1863) • Worked with Freedmen’s Bureau in Georgia & elected to state legislature in 1868 • Called on fellow blacks to move to Africa “to achieve dignity and manhood”

  7. Marcus Garvey and the UNIA • Jamaican immigrant – came to NYC in 1916 • Black Nationalist – argued Africans would never be treated fairly until they had their own, independent nation • Founded Universal Negro Improvement Association in 1914

  8. Universal AfricanLegion • Designed to create pride & self-confidence among blacks • Faux titles of nobility seen as ridiculous by outsiders

  9. The Black Star Line

  10. Garvey arrested in 1923 • Convicted of mail fraud in 1923 in connection with failed Black Star Line • After serving sentence, deported in 1927

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