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Understanding Cell Growth and Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, and the Cell Cycle

Learn about the importance of cell growth, the limits to cell growth, the process of cell division, the structure of chromosomes, and the phases of the cell cycle including interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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Understanding Cell Growth and Division: Mitosis, Meiosis, and the Cell Cycle

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  1. Ch # 10 – Cell Growth & Division (Mitosis, Meiosis, and the Cell Cycle)

  2. I. Cell Growth *Most living things grow by producing more cells. Eukaryotic cells are all about the same size. A. Limits to cell growth Cells divide for 2 major reasons : 1. To avoid DNA “overload” – larger cells place more demand on DNA (where info is control center). 2. To exchange materials more easily – food, oxygen, water, & wastes enter/exit cell via cell membrane.

  3. Cell Size Matters -The rate of exchange depends on a cell’s surface area (total area of the cell membrane). -Rate of food/O2 use & waste production depends on a cell’s volume. BIG = slow rate of exchange for food, O2, & waste disposal. Need more food, make more waste. *To avoid getting too large, cells divide. Cell division – process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells.

  4. Cell Division

  5. Two Types of Cell Division : Mitosis & Meiosis

  6. II. Cell Division A. Chromosomes *In eukaryotic cells, genetic info is passed from generation to generation by the chromosomes, which are made up of DNA. -Every organism’s cells have a specific # of chromosomes – 46 in humans. -Before cell division, each chromosome is replicated (copied) & consists of 2 identical “sister” chromatids. As a cell divides, sister chromatids separate & 1 goes in each daughter cell.

  7. Chromosome Structure -Pairs of chromatids are attached by a centromere that appears in the middle of the chromatids.

  8. B. The Cell Cycle Cell cycle – the series of events that cells go through as they grow & divide. During the cell cycle the cell : 1. Grows to its mature size. 2. Prepares for cell division. 3. Divides to form 2 daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of 4 phases : 1. G1 phase – period of activity in which cells do most of their growing. -During G1 (gap 1), cells increase size & synthesize new proteins & organelles.

  9. 4 Phases of the cell cycle con’t. 2. S phase – phase in which chromosomes are replicated & the synthesis of DNA molecules takes place. *Once cells enter this phase, they will complete the cell cycle. 3. G2 phase – phase in which many of the organelles & molecules required for cell division are produced. Is the shortest phase of Interphase. 4. M phase – phase in which mitosis and cytokinesis occur.

  10. Interphase, Mitosis & Cytokinesis *Phases G1, S, and G2 of the cell cycle make up Interphase of the cell cycle. Interphase - stage of intense growth & preparation before cell division occurs. Is the longest part of the cell cycle; cell division is very fast. Mitosis – stage in eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides (karyokinesis) to form 2 daughter cells. It is somatic cell division – division that occurs in non-sex cells. Cytokinesis – stage during which division of the cytoplasm occurs.

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