Literary Archetypes

Literary Archetypes Frankenstein

What is an Archetype? • An original model which other things are similarly patterned after • An image, story pattern, character type, representation, or recurring idea • Evokes strong associations to the reader or observer

What kinds of Archetypes are there? • There are three main archetypes: • Situational • Symbolic • Character

The movie opens…. the young, beautiful actress is on a tirade about how much she hates, and she means hates, detests, loathes and every other adjective in between, the new guy she works with (who happens to be drop dead good looking and single). He pokes fun at her and frequently stops by her desk. She fumes silently. She yells at him about how she can’t stand the sight of him. He laughs and says he can’t stand her either. What’s going to happen? How do you know this?

Situational Archetype • THE QUEST—search for someone or some object, which when it is found and brought back will restore life to a wasted land, the desolation of which is shown by a leader’s illness and disability • THE TASK—to save the kingdom, to win the fair lady, to identify himself so that he may assume his rightful position, the hero must perform some nearly superhuman deed. • THE INITIATION—this usually takes the form of an initiation into adult life. The adolescent comes into his/her maturity with new awareness and problems along with a new hope for the community. This awakening is often the climax of the story. • THE JOURNEY—the hero goes in search of some truth or information to restore life to the kingdom; he must descend into a real or psychological hell and is forced to discover the blackest truths quite often concerning his faults; once the hero is at his lowest point, he must accept personal responsibility to return to the world of the living; this could also appear as a group of isolated people (trapped on a boat, bus, island) to represent society

Situational Archetypes • THE FALL—describes a descent from a higher to a lower state of being. The experience involves a defilement and/or a loss of innocence and bliss. The fall is often accompanied by expulsion from a kind of paradise as a penalty for disobedience and moral transgression. • DEATH AND REBIRTH—grows out of a parallel between the cycle of nature and the cycle of life. Thus, morning and springtime represent birth, youth, or rebirth; evening and winter suggest old age or death. • NATURE VS. MECHANISTIC WORLD—Nature is good while technology and society are often evil. • BATTLE BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL—Obviously the battle between two primal forces. Mankind shows eternal optimism in the continual portrayal of good triumphing over evil despite great odds. • THE UNHEALABLE WOUND—The wound is either physical or psychological and cannot be healed fully. This wound also indicates a loss of innocence. These wounds always ache and drive the sufferer to desperate measures. • THE RITUAL—The actual ceremonies the initiate experiences that will mark his rite of passage into another state (weddings, funerals)

Symbolic Archetypes: These are symbols (something which represents something else) that have occurred over and over again throughout time and in various different cultures. These symbols have always represented the same things; that is what makes them an archetype and what makes us recognize them as symbols when we see them. Examples Include:

Symbolic Archetype • LIGHT VS. DARKNESS—light suggests hope, renewal, or intellectual illumination; darkness suggests the unknown, ignorance, or despair. • WATER VS. DESERT—water is necessary to life and growth and so it appears as a birth or rebirth symbol; the appearance of rain in a work can suggest spiritual birth or rebirth; characters who live in the desert are often “dead” to morals or the “good side” • HEAVEN VS. HELL—gods live in the skies or mountaintops; evil forces live in the bowels of the earth • INNATE WISDOM VS EDUCATED STUPIDITY—uneducated characters can often be wise using their common sense while some very educated characters have no common sense • * Both elements do not have to be present to have an archetype such as light v. darkness, water v. desert, heaven v. hell, etc.

Symbolic Archetype • SUPERNATURAL INTERVENTION—the gods most often intervene on the side of the hero to assist him in his quest • HAVEN VS. WILDERNESS—for the hero, places of safety are required for time to regain health and resources; these hideouts are often in unusual places • FIRE VS. ICE—fire can represent knowledge, light, life, and rebirth while ice can represent ignorance, darkness, sterility, and death

Character Archetypes These are the “stereotype” characters that you see over and over again. You’ve seen these characters throughout different cultures and over different eras in history. Examples of these popular archetypes are:

Character Archetype • THE HERO—mother is sometimes a virgin, circumstances of birth are unusual, some attempt is made at birth to kill him; raised by foster parents, returns to his kingdom to right wrongs, marries a princess, becomes king, meets a mysterious death, body is burned rather than buried • THE INITIATE—young heroes or heroines who go through training; usually innocent and wear white • MENTOR—teacher or counselor to the initiate; often are father or mother figures to the hero or heroine • FATHER-SON CONFLICT—father and son are separated and do not meet until the son is an adult; often the mentor is loved and respected more • HUNTING GROUP OF COMPANIONS—loyal companions willing to face any number of dangers to be together • LOYAL RETAINERS—somewhat like servants to the hero who are heroic themselves; their duty is to protect the hero and reflect the nobility of the hero; they are expendable

Character Archetype • FRIENDLY BEAST—a beast on the side of the hero shows that nature sides most often with the forces of good • DEVIL FIGURE—evil incarnate; offers worldly goods, fame, or knowledge to the hero in exchange for possession of the soul • EVIL FIGURE WITH GOOD HEART—redeemable evil figure saved by the nobility or love of the hero. • SCAPEGOAT—animal or human who is unjustly held responsible for others’ sins; sacrificed but they often become more powerful force dead than alive • OUTCAST—figure banished from a social group for some crime against his fellow man (could be falsely accused of a crime or could choose to banish himself from guilt) • TEMPTRESS—sensuous beauty; brings about the hero’s downfall because he is physically attracted to her

Character Archetype • DAMSEL IN DISTRESS--a female character who needs the hero to rescue her from either emotional or physical danger • STAR-CROSSED LOVERS—two lovers forbidden to be together because of the rules of society or family; often ends tragically • CREATURE OF NIGHTMARE—animal or creature disfigured or mutated; monsters who are the antagonists in the story

1. Elizabeth portrays an archetypal virtuous, passive woman. • Shelly describes Elizabeth’s reaction to Caroline’s death when she states, “She (Elizabeth) veiled her grief, and strove to act the comforter to us all.” • “She looked steadily on life, and assumed its duties with courage and zeal. She devoted herself to those whom she had been taught to call her uncle and cousins. Never was she so enchanting as at this time when she recalled the sunshine of her smiles and spent them upon us. She forgot even her own regret in her endeavors to make us forget.” • How do these passages use the archetype of a virtuous, passive woman to portray Elizabeth? • List other stories, poems, movies, or novels that utilized the archetype of the virtuous, passive woman.

2. When Victor strives to creating a living being, he takes on the archetype of a creator god. • Victor states, “After days and nights of incredible labor and fatigue, I succeeded in discovering the cause of generation and life; nay, more, I became myself capable of bestowing animation upon lifeless matter.” • “A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. No father could claim the gratitude of his child so completely as I should deserve theirs.” • Explain how these passages use the archetype of a creator god to portray Victor. • List other stories, poems, movies, or novels that utilize the archetype of the creator god.

3. Victor portrays the archetypal mad scientist in his pursuit to create a living being. • “Now I was led to examine the cause and progress of this decay, and forced to spend days and nights in vaults and charnel-houses.” • “One secret which I alone possessed was the hope to which I had dedicated myself; and the moon gazed on my midnight labors, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places. Who shall conceive the horrors of my secret toil, as I dabbled among the unhallowed damps of the grave, or tortured the living animal t animate the lifeless clay?” • Explain how these passages use the archetype of a mad scientist to portray Victor. • List other stories, poems, movies, or novels that utilized the archetype of the mad scientist.

4. Victor Frankenstein’s creation has become the archetypal monster of literature and movies. • “It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me, that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifeless thing that lay at my feet…I say the dull yellow eye of the creature open; it breathed hard, and a convulsive motion agitated its limbs.” • “…but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same color as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shriveled complexion and straight black lips.” • Explain how these passages use the archetype of a monster to portray Victor’s creation. • List other stories, poems, movies, or novels that utilized the archetype of a monster,

Literary Archetypes