一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬

1. 一、词义的选择、引申和褒贬 I.词义的选择： 英汉两种语言都有一词多类、一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义。一词多义就是说同一个词在同一个词类中，又往往有几个不同的词义。在英汉翻译过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后就要善于选择和确定原句中关键词的词义。选择和确定词义通常从以下几个方面着手：

2. 1．根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 • 选择某个词的词义，首先要判明这个词在原句中应属哪一种词类，然后再进一步确定其词义。 • 例如：在Like charges repel; unlike charges attract 一句中，like 用作形容词，它的汉语对应意义是“相同的”，因此全句可以译为：“ 相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸”。 • 但在下面例句中，like 又分属其他几个不同词类： • 1) He likes mathematics more than physics. • 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。（动词） • 2) In the sunbeam passing through the window there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. • 在射入窗内的阳光里，细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发光。（前置词） • 3) Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。 （名词） • like attracts/ draws like. Like cures like. Like for like . • like begets like.

3. 2．根据上下文联系以及词在句子中搭配关系来选择和确定词义2．根据上下文联系以及词在句子中搭配关系来选择和确定词义 • 英语中同一个词，同一词类，在不同场合往往也有不同的含义，必须根据上下文的联系以及词的搭配关系或句型来判断和确定某个词在特定场合下所应具有的词义。例如“ last ”这一形容词： • 1) He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 • 2) He is the last man to do it. 他绝对不会干那件事。 • 3) He is the last person for such a job. • 他最不适合于干这个工作。 • 4) He should be the last( man) to blame 怎么也不该怪他。 • 5) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜找他他商量。 • 6) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

4. 再如“take ( off) ”这一动词 • 1) To take off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. • 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。 • 2) The 5 a.m train has long been taken off. • 凌晨五点的那班车早已取消了。 • 3) He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. • 他工作的时候，总是坐在椅子边上，好象随时都会跳起身来的样子。 • 4) Their first major design was a pleated denim jean with external pockets dubbed “ baggies” that took off in high schools and colleges and soon was imitated by other apparel manufactures. • 他们的头一项重要设计师一种打褶的、逢上明袋的兰色斜纹粗布裤，这种裤子人们称为“袋子”，在中学和大学中首先流行，接着别的服装商店也很快仿制起来。

5. II．词义的引申 • 英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适合的词义，如任意硬套或逐词死译，会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达愿意，甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引申，选择比较恰当的汉语词来表达。如：

6. 1．将词义作抽象化的引申 • 英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引申，译文才能流畅、 自然。 • 1.1 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 • 1) There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. • 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 • 这里把tiger ( 老虎)和ape (猿) 这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾” • 2) Every life has its roses and thorns. • 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 • 这里把roses ( 玫瑰)和 thorns( 刺) 这两个具体形象引申为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜” 和“苦”。

7. 1.2 将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词 • 1) In fact the Bavarian environment was so charged with Nazi sentiment throughout the 1920s that Hitler’s storm troops goose-stepped into power in Furth in 1930 • 事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三零年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权利。 • To goosestep 是从名词Goosestep( 鹅步；正步) 转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里goose-stepped into 根据例句上下文引申为“耀武扬威地夺取”。 • 2) See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct. • 在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙。两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。 • See-sawing 是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引申为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。

8. 2. 将词义作具体化的引申 • 2.1 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引申。 • 1）Fatty’s restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last seven years. • 去凡迪餐厅就餐，成了他过去七年来的生活习惯。 • 2) Vietnam was his entrée to the new Administration, his third incarnation as foreign policy consultant. • 越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。

9. 2.2 英语中有些词在特定的上下文中，其含义是清楚的，但译成汉语时还必须做具体化的引申，否则就不够清楚。 • 1) The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. • 我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。 • 2) It is more than transient everydayness.这已远非是柴米油盐问题。

10. III． 词义的褒贬 • 语言的本身虽没有阶级性，但在具体使用时不可能不为一定的阶段服务。为了忠实于原文的思想内容，翻译时必须正确理解原作者的基本政治立场和观点，然后选用适当的语言手段来加以表达。原文中有些词本身就表示褒贬意义，就应该把褒贬意义相应地表达出来；但也有些词语孤立起来看似乎是中性的，译成汉语时就要根据上下文恰如其分地把它们的褒义或贬义表达出来。

11. 1、英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如：1、英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就应相应地表达出来，如： • 1) He was a man of high renown (fame). 他是位有名望的人。 （褒） • 2) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开的。 （贬） • 3) The tasks carried out by them are praiseworthy. 他们进行的事业是值得赞扬的。（褒） • 4) Henry keeps boasting that he has talked to the President. 亨利总是吹嘘说他曾同总统谈过话。 （贬） • 5) “ He was polite and always gave advice willingly,” she recalled. 她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。” （褒） • 6) We were shocked by his coarse manners. 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。 （贬）

12. 2、 英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬的意味，汉译时就应该用具有褒贬意味的相应的词来表达，如： • 2.1 需要褒义的词来表达 • 1) Once early in 1974, while driving along the San Diego Freeway from Clemente to Los Angeles, he was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions. • 一九七四年初，有人同他一起驱车从克里门蒂沿圣地亚哥公路去洛杉矶，途中请他谈了他的希望和抱负。 • 2) “After all,” counseled Sonnenfeldt, “you’re the only Republican I know with the proper academic credentials. “ Kissinger demurred. Such an offer, he said, was highly unlikely. • 索南费尔特劝他说，“共和党里我知道只有你一个人具有这适当的学术方面的条件。”基辛格免不了谦虚一番，说恐怕不大可能给他这样的职位吧。 • 3) The two politicians talked for no more than minutes, at a significant moment in their careers. • 两位政治家交谈了仅仅五分钟。这次谈话是他们一生事业的重大时刻进行的。

13. 2.2 需要贬义的词来表达 • 1) He was a man of integrity, but unfortunately he had a certain reputation. I believe the reputation was not deserved. 他是一个正直诚实的人， 但不幸有某种坏名声。我相信他这个坏名声是不该有的。 • 2) Then, just as Chinese friends arrived who might secure my journey, the Russians arrested me as a “spy” and sent me out through Poland。后来，就在那些可能为我安排旅行的中国朋友刚刚到达的时候，俄国人把我当作“间谍”而逮捕了我，并把我驱逐出境，取道波兰。 • 3) He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我， 使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。 • 4) As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees. • 他是个苛刻的老板，要求手下的人对他忠心耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。 • 5) Those who do not remember the past are condemned to relive it. • 凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙。

14. 1 The plane was right above our heads. • 2 She tried her best to right her husband from the charge of robbery. • 3 He is ill, that accounts for her absence. • 4 In this battle he accounted for five of the enemy. • 5 I want you to account for every cent you spent. • 6 There isn’t a girl named Clementine. He’s just made her up. • 7 We have to drive fast to make up the hour we lost in Boston. • 8 The wedding, which Heyweard still remembered with pride, was attended by Who’ who of Boston society. • 9 The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his case was a different proposition. • 10 The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era----the Industrial Age. Money had become King. • 11 John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. • 12. Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying that he was the most courageous man he had ever seen.