Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 What is Evolution • Evolution is the process of change in the inherited characteristics within populations over generations such that new types of organisms develop from preexisting types. • Ex. Giraffes’ long necks. • Evolution does NOT deal with individuals, but with entire populations

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Evolutionary Relationships Between Whales and Hoofed Mammals

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued • Who is Charles Darwin? • An English naturalist who traveled around the world on a ship called the Beagle and went on to form one of the most important theories in Biology: Evolution. • Ideas of Darwin’s Time • Started in 17th and 18th centuries • Because geologists and naturalists started comparing geologic processes, fossils, and living animals around the world.

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued • Ideas about Geology • Among geologists, Cuvier (a French anatomist) promoted the idea of catastrophismby studying and reconstructing fossil. • Catastrpphism is the idea that sudden geologic catastrophes caused the extinction of large groups of organisms at certain points in the past. • Lyell (english geologist) promoted the idea of uniformitarianism. Which is the idea that the geologic processes that have changed the shape of Earth’s surface in the past continue to work in the same ways. • Darwin used these ideas when he studied around the world.

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 The Idea of Evolution, continued • Lamarck’s Ideas on Evolution • Among naturalists, Lamarck (French Biologist) proposed the inheritance of acquired characteristics as a mechanism for evolution. • He thought simple organisms could arise from nonliving matter, and simple forms developed into complex forms. He thought individuals could acquire traits and pass them down. • Ex. Maggots • The idea Is no longer accepted.

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas • Descent with Modification • Darwin wrote On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that descent with modification occurs, that all species descended from common ancestors, and that natural selection is the mechanism for evolution (decent with modification).

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Voyage

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Darwin’s Ideas, continued • Natural Selection • Organisms in a population adapt to their environment as the proportion of individuals with genes for favorable traits increases. • Those individuals that pass on more genes are considered to have greater fitness (an measure of an individual’s heredity contribution to the enxt generation). • Ex. Zebras

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Natural Selection

Section 1 History of Evolutionary Thought Chapter 15 Adaptation Also known as Differential Reproduction. Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record • Evidence of evolution can be found by comparing several kinds of data, including the fossil record, biogeography, anatomy and development, and biological molecules. • Evolutionary theories are supported when several kinds of evidence support similar conclusions.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued • The Age of Fossils • Geologic evidence supports theories about the age and development of Earth. • Sometimes fossils are compared to other fossils and told as a relative age. • Other times fossils are given an actual number usually due to radioactive dating. • The Distribution of Fossils • The fossil record shows that the types and distribution of organisms on Earth have changed over time.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 The Fossil Record, continued • Superposition • The idea that rock strata (layers) are ordered oldest on the bottom, youngest on top as long as the location has not been disturbed. • Transitional Species • Fossils of transitional species show evidence of descent with modification.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Evidence of Whale Evolution

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Biogeography • Biogeography, the study of the locations of organisms around the world, provides evidence of descent with modification. • Ex. Animals of Australia

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology • In organisms, analogous structures are similar in function but have different evolutionary origins. • Homologous structures have a common evolutionary origin. • Ex. Forelimbs of humans, penguins, alligators, and bats.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Vestigial Features • A species with a vestigial structure probably shares ancestry with a species that has a functional form of the structure. • Click above to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Similarities in Embryology Related species show similarities in embryological development. Click above to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Biological Molecules • Biological Molecules • Similarity in the subunit sequences of biological molecules such as RNA, DNA, and proteins indicates a common evolutionary history. • Developing Theory • Modern scientists integrate Darwin’s theory with other advances in biological knowledge. • Theories and hypotheses about evolution continue to be proposed and investigated.

Section 2 Evidence of Evolution Chapter 15 Hemoglobin Comparison

Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards • Ongoing examples of evolution among living organisms can be observed, recorded, and tested. • In convergent evolution,organisms that are not closely related resemble each other because they have responded to similar environments.

Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Case Study: Caribbean Anole Lizards, continued • Divergence and Radiation • In divergent evolution, related populations become less similar as they respond to different environments. • Adaptive radiation is the divergent evolution of a single group of organisms in a new environment.

Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Comparing Convergent andDivergent Evolution Click below to watch the Visual Concept. Visual Concept

Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Natural Selection of Anole Lizard Species

Section 3 Evolution in Action Chapter 15 Artificial Selection • The great variety of dog breeds is an example ofartificial selection. Coevolution • The increasing occurrence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is an example of coevolution in progress.

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