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CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS. THE CLASSIC WORLD. PRE-HISTORIC AFRICA. Regions in Africa Sub-Saharan Africa vs. Northern Africa (inc. Nile Valley) The Sahara is the greatest physical and cultural barrier

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CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

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  1. CLASSICAL PERIPHERIES: EMERGING AREAS ON THE BORDERS OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

  2. THE CLASSIC WORLD

  3. PRE-HISTORIC AFRICA • Regions in Africa • Sub-Saharan Africa vs. Northern Africa (inc. Nile Valley) • The Sahara is the greatest physical and cultural barrier • North settled early by Berbers, Hamites (Caucasian groups) • Sub-Saharan Africa has larger regions with many micro regions • West Africa Forest, Sahel called Sudan, Central Africa, East Africa, South Africa • Each region defined by physical geography and vegetation; many micro cultures • North and East Africa saw first “African” civilizations • The Nile River: Pharaonic Egypt; Kush-Meroe (often called Nubia) • The Ethiopian Highlands: Axum (Aksum) or Ethiopia • North Africa: Carthaginian Empire, Roman and Greek civilizations • The Sudan • Sudanic region was sahel or plains stretching across Africa south of Sahara • 9000 B.C.E. domestication of cattle; cultivation of sorghum, cotton • Became home to most Sub-Saharan civilizations • Small states based on tribes, clans developed • Religion: polytheism, shamanism, placation of spirits, divination • Climatic Change • Prior to 5000 CE Sahara one large inland sea surrounded by plains • 5000 B.C.E. development of Sahara Desert as desertification increased • Increasing desertification forced mass popular migration to water • Nile shifts to east; formation of large lakes in Central Africa that feed Nile

  4. REGIONS IN AFRICA

  5. AFRICAN CLIMATE ZONES

  6. AFRICAN LANGUAGE FAMILIES

  7. FIRST AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS • Egyptian History, c. 3100 BCE to 525 BCE • Pre-history dominated by small city-states along Nile • Old Kingdom • Menes- Narmer united Upper/Lower Egypt • Pyramid era; pharaohs considered divine • Middle Kingdom • 2nd Illness saw Semitic invasion: Hyksos • New Kingdom: Egyptian empire • 3rd Illness: Invasions • After 7th century • Ruled by Assyrians, Persians • Greeks, Romans, Byzantines • Not independent until 1956 CE • Kush (Nubia) assimilates Egyptian culture • Upper Nile; ethnically were Black Africans • Adopted Egyptian practices: religion, architecture • Ruled Egypt as 26th Dynasty • Famous for iron, gold trade • Became Christian through Egyptian contacts • Remained independent until Muslim conquests

  8. ANCIENT MAP OF AFRICA

  9. NILE SOCIETIES • Urban elites (2%) ruled over rural masses • Dominated by rulers, officials, priests • Merchants, artisans, soldiers • Social Classes • Pharaoh (ruler and his immediate family) • Officials (Advisors, generals, soldiers, priests) • Merchants and artisans • Peasants: majority of population • Slaves: usually prisoners of war • Patriarchal societies with a twist • Women were occasionally rulers • Women had rights, could own lands • Were “less” than males but not oppressed • Probably due to the influence of the goddess Isis

  10. RELIGIONS OF THE NILE • Polytheism • Extremely complex pantheon of gods • Deification of nature • Extremely powerful, influential priesthood with great wealth • Conflict of good, evil • Humans judged for their actions • Cult of Osiris • Strong belief in afterlife, accountability for actions • Mummification was but one aspect of this • Regenerative cycle of Osiris/Ra-Re/Horus • Ahkenaton and Monotheism • Amenhotep believed there was only one God • Ended polytheism, opposed by priests; was assassinated • Nubian Beliefs • Adopted many Egyptian beliefs • Major focus on the sun and moon

  11. WRITING • Early Nile Writing • Hieroglyphics (Pictographs) • Merotic Writing in Nubia • Ge’ez Writing in Axum • Education • Scribes had influence • Often attached to court or temples • Services rented out • Scribes could advance socially • Sub-Saharan Writing • Lacked alphabet, books • Lack due to termites, lack of durable medium • Developed oral traditional, tribal memories • West African griots • Memorized history by mneumonic devices • Kept all records for tribes, rulers • Islam brought first alphabet to Sub-Saharan Africa

  12. ECONOMICS OF NILE • Economic Specialization and Trade • Bronze Age arose around 17th century B.C.E. • Iron Age begins around 1,000 B.C. • Transportation • Largely waterborne; little need for roads • Out of Nile Valley, camels and horses were common • Trade • Egypt was largely self-sufficient, autarkic • Net exporter of grains, foodstuffs, luxuries, paper, medicines • Most trade was based on luxury products • Papyrus, paper, medicines, herbs, finished products especially silver • Imports tended to be wood, gold, finished products • Kush-Meroe specialized in iron, gold workings • Trade Routes • Up Nile to Kush-Meroe • Across Sinai to Fertile Cresent • Down Red Sea to East Africa, Southern Arabia • Across Mediterranean to Greece, Phoenicia • Little contact with interior of Africa

  13. THE NOK CULTURE • Discovered 1928 in Northern Nigeria • Was it a civilization or advanced culture? • Flourished 900 BCE to 200 CE on Niger-Benue River • Clearly first Sub-Saharan civilization/culture • Precursor of Bantu, West African forest peoples • Knowledge is based on archeology • Iron makers and sculptors • Animals and humans made from fired clay • Figures of animals, peoples including leaders • Seem to have been pastoralists, farmers • Could smelt iron • Have found iron tools, weapons; probably also used wood • Seemed to have skipped copper, bronze ages • Indigenous or borrowed from North Africa, Nile River?

  14. GHANA: 1ST SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATION • Camels • Camels came to Egypt from Arabia, 7th century B.C.E. • Romans introduced them to North Africa, patrolled desert • After 500 C.E. camels replaced horses, donkeys as transport animals • Camels' arrival quickened pace of communication across the Sahara • Islamic merchants crossed the desert to trade in West Africa • Established relations with sub-Saharan West Africa by 8th century • The kingdom of Ghana • Kings maintained a large army of two hundred thousand warriors • A principal state of west Africa, not related to modern state of Ghana • Became the most important commercial site in west Africa • Controlled gold mines, exchanged it with nomads for salt • Provided gold, ivory, and slaves • Wanted horses, cloth, manufactured goods • Koumbi-Saleh • Capital city • Thriving commercial center

  15. THE BANTU • The Bantu peoples • Originated in the region around modern Nigeria/Cameroon • Influenced by Nok iron making, herding, agriculture • Population pressure drove migrations, 2000 BCE – 700 BCE • Two major movements: to south and to east and then south • Languages split into about 500 distinct but related tongues • Bantu agriculture and herding • Early Bantu relied on agriculture – slash-burn, shifting • Pastoralists, semi-nomadic due to agriculture, cattle • Iron metallurgy • Iron appeared during the 7th and 6th centuries B.C.E. • Iron made agriculture more productive • Expanded divisions of labor, specialization in Bantu societies • Population Pressures • Iron technologies produced population upsurge • Large populations forced migration of Bantu

  16. THE BANTU MIGRATION • The Bantu Migration • Population pressure led to migration, c. 2000 B.C.E. • Movement to South, along Southeast and Southwest coasts • Languages differentiated into about 500 distinct but related tongues • Occupied most of sub-Saharan (except West) Africa by 1000 C.E. • Split into groups as they migrated: Eastern, Central, Southern • Bantu spread iron, herding technologies as they moved • Bananas • Between 300/500 C.E., Malay seafarers reached Africa • Settled in Madagascar, visited East African coast • Brought with them pigs, taro, and banana cultivation • Bananas became well-established in Africa by 500 C.E. • Bantu learned to cultivate bananas from Malagasy • Bananas caused second population spurt, migration surge • Reached South Africa in 16th century CE • Population growth • 3.5 million people by 400 B.C.E. • 11 million by the beginning of the millennium • 17 million by 800 C.E. • 22 million by 1000 C.E.

  17. MAP OF THE BANTU MIGRATIONS

  18. BANTU LANGUAGES

  19. BANTU POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS • Stateless societies • Early Bantu societies did not depend on elaborate bureaucracy • Societies governed through family and kinship groups • Village council, consisted of male family heads • Chief of a village was from the most prominent family heads • A group of villages constituted a district • Villages chiefs negotiated intervillage affairs • Chiefdoms • Population growth strained resources, increased conflict • Some communities began to organize military forces, 1000 C.E. • Powerful chiefs overrode kinship networks and imposed authority • Some chiefs conquered their neighbors • Kingdom of Kongo • Villages formed small states along the Congo River, 1000 C.E. • Small states formed several larger principalities, 1200 C.E. • One of the principalities conquered neighbors, built kingdom of Kongo • Maintained a centralized government with a royal currency system • Provided effective organization until the mid-17th century

  20. SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS • Diversity of African societies in Sub-Saharan Africa • Complex societies developed into kingdoms, empires, and city-states • Coexisted with small states and stateless societies • Lineages consisted of all members descended from a common ancestor • Kinship groups of stateless societies • Extended families and clans as social and economic organizations • Communities claimed rights to land, no private property • Village council allocated land to clan members • Sex and gender relations • Men undertook heavy labor, herding, • Women were responsible for child rearing, domestic chores, farming • Men monopolized public authority but women could be leaders • Women enjoyed high honor as the source of life • Many societies were matrilineal; aristocratic women influenced public affairs • Women merchants commonly traded at markets • Sometimes women organized all-female military units • Islam did little to curtail women's opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa • Age grades • Publicly recognized "age grades" or "age sets" • Assumed responsibilities and tasks appropriate to their age grades • Coming of age ceremonies and secret societies restricted by age, gender

  21. EARLY AFRICAN RELIGION • Creator god • Recognized by almost all African peoples • Created the earth and humankind, source of world order • Lesser gods and spirits • Often associated with natural features, forces in world • Participated actively in the workings of the world • Believed in ancestors' souls influencing material world • Diviners • Mediated between humanity and supernatural beings • Called shamans and inappropriately “witch doctors” • Interpreted the cause of the people's misfortune • Used medicine or rituals to eliminate problems • African religion was not theological, but practical • Religion to placate the gods, ask for assistance, cures, fertility • Public celebrations inc. dancing, singing formed community • Genders honored different deities, had separate ceremonies

  22. EARLY EAST AFRICAN HISTORY • Early visitors to east Africa • Egyptians visited, traded with area • Famous expedition of Hatshepshut to Punt • Indian, Persian visited after 500 B.C.E. • Greeks, Romans called area Azania • Malays established colonies on Madagascar • Kingdom of Axum (Aksum) • Sabeans of Yemen created Axum • Arose in highlands of Ethiopia • Trading state across Bab el Mandeb straits • Tribute empire on land; trade gold, frankincense, myrrh, food, ivory • Built stone structures, issued own coins • Eventually became Monophysite Christian • King Ezana converted and court followed in early 4th century • Developed Ge’ez language, writing in association with Christianity • Maintained strong contacts with Egypt • Traded with Romans, Byzantines, Persians, Indians, Arabs • By 2nd century: Bantus populated much of East Africa • By 7th century: Arab merchants begin to visit • By 8th century: Muslim armies, merchants push up Nile

  23. ECONOMIC REGIONS OF AFRICA

  24. NOMADIC SOCIETY AND ECONOMY • Nomadic peoples • Pastoral nomads • Clans from common ancestors, with related languages • Central Asia's steppes • Good for grazing, little rain, few rivers • Nomads and their animals; few settlements • Nomads drove their herds in migratory cycles • Lived mostly on animal products • Produced millet, pottery, leather goods, iron • Nomads and settled peoples • A love, hate relationship of war and trade • Trade, exchange: Nomads maintained caravan routes • Exchanged horses for finished goods including silk • Fluidity of classes, gender in nomadic society • Two social classes: nobles and commoners • Patriarchal society but women accorded many rights, privileges • Religions • Mostly shamanistic • Diviners influence forces of nature, interpret it • Political and Military organization • Autonomous clans and tribes • Organized confederation of tribes • Loyalty to higher, stronger lord but generally autonomous • Outstanding cavalry forces

  25. THE NOMAD’S WORLD

  26. BORDERS OF CHINA • Relative Location • Korea, Vietnam borders of China • Japan located off coast of East Asia • Physical Characteristics • Korea, Vietnam • Mountainous, cut by river valleys • Population located on plains • Japan • Volcanic islands, very mountainous • Deep valleys with plains • Demography • Peoples related to Chinese • Populace generally heavy on plains • Rice was principal crop • Cities exist but rarer than China • Cities: centers of Chinese culture • Countryside: resistant to Sinification

  27. THE CONFUCIAN WORLD

  28. EARLY KOREA, VIETNAM AND JAPAN • Ancient Korea and Vietnam • Divided into warring kingdoms later united by Silla (S. Korea) • Han China first influenced Korea; Korea tributary • Korea copied Chinese bureaucracy; Confucianism entered with bureaucracy • Tang ruled Korea as a tributary; aristocratic elites became Buddhist, rule • Viet people originate in Southern China, related to Chinese • Driven south into Red River by Chinese migration • Han China controls Northern Vietnam; drive China out after 1000 year war • Confucianism retained by elite along with bureaucratic ruling model • Ancient Japan • Earliest inhabitants were nomadic Caucasians (Ainu) from Northeast Asia • Japanese related to Koreans, migrated into islands, pushed Ainu north • Ruled by several dozen states dominate by clans, 1st millennium BCE • Shinto: Ancestor veneration with deification of nature, spirits (kami) • Nara Japan (710-794 C.E.) • Yamato clan claimed imperial authority • The imperial court modeled on that of the Tang • Built a new capital (Nara) in 710 C.E., modeled on Chang'an • Prince Shotoku wrote first Japanese constitution • Adopted Confucianism, Buddhism, but maintained Shinto • Heian Japan (794-1185 C.E.) • Moved to new capital Heian (modern Kyoto) in 794 • Japanese emperors as ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority • Effective power in the hands of the Fujiwara family, bureaucrats • Emperor did not rule; lived in splendid isolation along with court elite • Chinese learning dominated Japanese education, culture • The Tale of Genji • Women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing • Decline of Heian Japan • Equal-field system failed; Aristocratic clans accumulated lands • Rivalry between court nobility and landed aristocracy • Taira and Minamoto, the two most powerful clans, engaged in wars

  29. THE CELTS • Celts • History • Arose in Alps, Central Europe 1200 BCE • Settled in France, Spain, Britain, Ireland • Migrated into Italy, Balkans, Greece, Turkey around 1000 BCE • Paul’s Letter to the Galatians = Celt tribe of Turkey • Strong tradition of warfare, raids • Civilization at Ancient Bronze Age similar to Mycenae Greece • Some cities but generally fortified hill sites • Grew wheat and barley and kept sheep, cattle and some pigs • Developed crafts, strong artistic tradition; pottery • Controlled salt deposits as source of trade • Strong trade with Mediterranean, Greeks, Etruscans • Developed Iron technologies around 1000 BCE • Structures and hierarchies • Organized into clans, tribes ruled by kings and druids • Polytheistic, deified nature: priests = druids • Strong tradition of bards, story tellers, ballads, heroes, saints • Rome and the Celts • Romans conquered Celts, Romanized Celts • Caesar conquered Gaul; later emperors added Britain • Organized Celtic lands into provinces, built cities • Blended Celtic-Latin culture: Assimilation • Exterminated Druid priests as they opposed Rome • Ireland, Scotland retained independence • Christianity reached Celts by 3rd century CE • Irish Christianity never effected by collapse of Rome

  30. CELTIC WORLD CELTS BECAME Treveri Helveti Parisi Veneti Regni Iceni Caledones Celtiberi AND LATER Irish Welsh Scots Britons Cornish Manx

  31. THE GERMANS • Early Bronze Age History • Original Homeland = Sweden • Migrated into Germany, Denmark • Sometimes allies, slaves of Celts • later established independence of Celts • Settled 2/3 of Europe • Eastern Europe, Central Europe, steppes of Ukraine • Pushed up to Rhine, Danube border • Germans and Romans • With defeat of Celts, Germans became threat to Rome • Germans were stronger than Celts, defied Romans • In 1st century, defeated Romans, remained independent • Romans erected elaborate defense systems against Germans • Late 3rd century: Germans become Roman mercenaries • Late 4th century: Germans allowed to settle in Roman empire • Society • Agrarian society: small villages, fortified areas; some trade • Strong tribes, loyalty to warlords; raiding very important • Two classes: nobility and commoners; both owned land • Women had many rights in Germanic society • Religion was a militaristic bloody polytheism • Christianity and Germans • Missionaries moved, settled amongst Germans • St. Ulfias converts Germans to Arian Christianity

  32. THE GERMAN WORLD Teutons Became Goths Visigoths Ostrogoths Vandals Franks Burgundians Suevi Alans Angles Saxons Jutes Lombards Norsemen Germans Austrian Dutch Flemish English Swiss Swedes Danes Norwegians Icelanders

  33. THE EARLY SLAVIC MIGRATIONS Slavs were Originally Part of the German World. The tribes were allied. When the Germans Moved West, Slavs Were ruled First by Huns and Later Independent. They filled Hun and German vacuum.

  34. THE POLYNESIANS: OCEANIC NOMADS • Malayo-Polynesians • Originated in New Guinea • Developed shifting agriculture, portable agriculture • Farm one area intensively, move on • Raised banana, taro, sweet potato, fish, pigs, chickens • Sailing Technology • Double hulled canoes; central platform with sail • Use stars, winds, wave patterns, air/sea patterns, islands, atolls, birds • Migrated across island chains in boats • By 1500 BCE settled Madagascar; by 300 CE Easter Island • By 500 CE settled Polynesia, Micronesia, Hawaii • By 1000 CE settled New Zealand – totally different climate • Social Structures • Migration needed to avoid overpopulation • Depleted resources, shortages, environmental degradation, conflict • Eastern Island was example of this problem • Hamlet and villages • Hamlets on volcanic islands, up to 5 houses; often one family • Villages on larger islands, up to 30 houses; often an important chief, king • Society organized by extended families, clans • Many taboos or prohibitions, laws regulating societies • Division of labor • Men fished, women worked shore and land • Coastal Polynesians traded fish for inland products

  35. POLYNESIAN WORLD KEY 1. Polynesia 2. Hawai‘i 3. New Zealand 4. Easter Island 5. Samoa 6. Fiji 7. Tahiti

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