4-4 “The Unification of China”

1. 4-4 “The Unification of China” The social order of the warring states contributes to the development of three Chinese ethical systems.

2. Confucius and the Social Order • Zhou Dynasty • Lasted 1027 B.C. to 256 B.C. • Ancient values decline near end of dynasty

3. Confucius Urges Harmony • End of Zhou Dynasty is time of disorder • Scholar Confucius wants to restore order, harmony, good government • Stresses developing good relationships, including family • Promotes filial piety – respect for parents and ancestors • Hopes to reform society by promoting good government

4. 5 Principle Relationships 1. Ruler Subject 2.Father Son 3.Husband Wife 4.Older Brother YoungerBrother 5.Older Friend YoungerFriend

5. The Analects • The single most important Confucian work. • In Chinese, it means “conversation.” • Focus on practicalities of interpersonal relationships and the relationship of the role of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government.

6. Sayings from The Analects • Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn’t know, is characteristics of the person who knows. • Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake. • The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others. • To go too far is as wrong as to fall short.

7. Confucian Ideas About Government • Thinks education can transform people • Teachings become foundation for bureaucracy, a trained civil service • Confucianism is an ethical system of right and wrong, not a religion • Chinese government and social order is based on Confucianism.

8. Stones Engraved with Confucius' Life Stories

9. Confucian Temple Complex

10. Confucius' Tomb

11. Other Ethical Systems • Daoists Seek Harmony • Laozi teaches that people should follow the natural order of life • Believes that universal force called Dao guides all things • Daoism philosophy is to understand nature and be free of desire • Daoists influence sciences of alchemy, astronomy, medicine

12. The Dao De Jing • The basic text of Daoism. • In Chinese, it means The Classic in the Way and Its Power. • “Those who speak know nothing: Those who know are silent.” These words, I am told, Were spoken by Laozi. If we are to believe that Laozi, Was himself one who knew, How is it that he wrote a book, Of five thousand words?

13. Legalists Urge Harsh Rule • Legalism emphasizes the use of law to restore order • Stifles criticism • Teaches that obedience should be rewarded • Disobedience is to be punished

15. I Ching and Yin and Yang • I Ching (The Book of Changes) offers good advice, common sense • Concept of yin and yang – two powers represent rhythm of universe • Yin: cold, dark, soft, mysterious • Yang: warm, bright, hard, clear • I Ching and yin and yang explain how people fit into the world

16. The Universe of Opposites: Find the Balance! Yin • Masculine • Active • Light • Warmth • Strong • Heaven; Sun • Feminine • Passive • Darkness • Cold • Weak • Earth; Moon Yang

17. The Qin Dynasty replaces Zhou Dynasty in third century B.C.

18. A New Emperor Takes Control • Emperor Shi Huangdi unifies China, ends fighting, conquers new lands • Creates 36 administrative districts controlled by Qin officials • With Legalist prime minister, murders Confucian scholars, burns books • Establishes an autocracy, a government with unlimited power

19. A Program of Centralization • Shi Huangdi builds highways, irrigation projects; increases trade • Sets standards for writing, law, currency, and weights and measures

20. Great Wall of China • Emperor forces peasants to build Great Wall to keep out invaders

21. The Fall of the Qin • Shi Huangdi’s son loses throne to rebel leader; Han Dynasty begins