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The Totalitarian Turn: Stalin's Rule and Its Impact on Society

Explore Joseph Stalin's reign through his oppressive policies like the Great Purge and economic plans, and the effects on women and art. Learn about the post-World War I social, cultural, and technological shifts, including key events and figures like Duchamp and Dali. Understand the aftermath of World War I, the Weimar Republic's challenges, and the onset of the Great Depression. Delve into the rise of Fascism with Mussolini and Hitler, and how it influenced various aspects of society. Unveil the similarities and differences between the two dictators' leadership styles and ascents to power.

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The Totalitarian Turn: Stalin's Rule and Its Impact on Society

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  1. Joseph Stalin (r.1927-1953) • Secretary General • Politburo— “comrade index” Why is Stalin’s rule described as a totalitarian turn in the Soviet government? • Great Purge (aka Great Terror) (1936-1938) • KGB— “Committee for State Security” • Gulag • Comintern Describe his economic policies. • Collectivization—Kulaks • Five-Year Plans (1928) What was the impact of Stalin’s policies on women? Impact on art and literature  socialist realism

  2. “those who fall behind get beaten. But we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered for falling behind, for her backwardness. She was beaten by the Mongol Khans…by the Japanese barons. All beat her—for her backwardness: for military backwardness, for political backwardness, for agricultural backwardness. She was beaten because to do so was profitable and could be done with impunity…That is why we must no longer lag behind.” —Joseph Stalin

  3. “Literature, the cinema, the arts are levers in the hands of the proletariat which must be used to show the masses positive models of initiative and heroic labor”—Pravda

  4. After World War I Using the textbook (Ch. 31.1, p. 897-901)… • Describe social changes following World War I. • Identify and discuss cultural (art, literature, science) changes following the war. • Discuss the major technological changes in the post-war period.

  5. Nude Descending a Staircase, Marcel Duchamp, 1912 Cultural reactions and innovations after World War I… The Persistence of Memory, Salvador Dali, 1931 Fountain, Marcel Duchamp, 1917 LHOOQ, Marcel Duchamp, 1919 • Technology? • Automobile, Airplane, Radio, Cinema • Social changes? • 19th Amendment (1920) • Culture? • Dadaism, Cubism, Surrealism • Ernest Hemingway (Lost Generation), Jazz, Existentialism • Science? • Einstein’s (Theory of Relativity), Big Bang Theory • Sigmund Freud (Psychology)

  6. Between the Fires One British official commented that the Allied victory in World War I had been “bought so dear as to be indistinguishable from defeat.” • 7,000,000 . . . Estimated combatants maimed for life, all nations • 8,000,000 . . . Estimated civilians killed in Great War • 19,536,000 . . . Estimated wounded soldiers, all nations

  7. Between the Fires Weimar Republic • Problems? • “Coalition Government” “Hopeful Years” • Washington Naval Treaty (1922) • Dawes Plan (1924) • Treaty of Locarno (1925) • Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact (1928)

  8. Hyperinflation: Germany (1922-1924)

  9. Great Depression • Causes • Industrial and Agricultural Overproduction • Bank foreclosures • Stock Market— “buying on margin” • New Deal • Keynesian Economics • Foreign Impact Franklin Roosevelt

  10. “I saw them, gathered into groups of fiftyor a hundred men, attacking fields ofpotatoes. I saw them digging up thepotatoes and throwing them into sacks while the farmer who owned the field watched them in despair and the local policeman looked on gloomily from the distance. I saw them staggering toward the lights of the city as night fell, with their sacks on their backs. What did it remind me of? Of the War, of the worst periods of starvation in 1917 and 1918, but even then people paid for the potatoes…”

  11. “If the Treasury were to fill old bottles with bank-notes, bury them at suitable depths in disused coal-mines which are then filled up to the surface with town rubbish, and leave it to private enterprise on well tried principles of laissez-faire to dig the notes up again” John Maynard Keynes

  12. Making sense of World War II…

  13. Fascism: Mussolini and Hitler 1. What is fascism? What makes it different from other types of totalitarian rule? 2. Explain why this form of government was appealing to Italians, Germans, Spanish, and others during this period. 3. Identify areas of society impacted by fascism (ie. social, economic, etc.). Be sure to refer to the handouts and textbook as you answer this question. How do they relate? 4. Identify similarities and differences between Hitler and Mussolini. Consider their rise to power, personal characteristics, method of leadership, and behavior. 7. Read the platforms of both candidates on page 896 out of your textbook: • Describe the overall positions for both candidates. • Which candidate’s proposals do you find more appealing? Why? • Explain why democratically elected governments struggled in the decades following World War I.

  14. “The day of Faith - December 18, 1935 millions of Italians will ship their wedding rings to help the war effort: they received in return an iron ring bearing the date of that Sunday.” Italian Propaganda “Defend him!”

  15. Between the Fires Benito Mussolini • Black Shirts • Prime Minister (1922) • Il Duce (1926) • One-party rule

  16. What if…

  17. Between the Fires Adolf Hitler • National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi) • Brown Shirts • Beer Hall Putsch (1923) • Mein Kampf • Lebensraum

  18. Between the Fires Hitler’s Rise • Chancellor (1933) • Reichstag Fire (Feb. 27, 1933) • “SS”, Gestapo • “Third Reich” • Night of the Long Knives (1934) • Nuremburg Rally (Sept. 1934) • Fascist Corporatism • Banned unions, outlawed strikes, government directed industry • Military Expansion • Geneva Disarm. Conf., League of Nations, Military Draft, Anglo-German Naval Pact

  19. “In the presence of this blood banner, which represents our Fuhrer, I swear to devote all my energies and my strength to the savior of our country, Adolf Hitler. I am willing and ready to give up my life for him, so help me God.”– Oath of the Nazi Youth

  20. Marching toward World War Japanese Empire • Context • Great depression • Militarism • Emperor Hirohito • Constitutional Monarchy • Demand for raw materials • Manchuria (1931) • Rape of Nanking (December 13, 1937) • “Comfort Women” Emperor Hirohito

  21. “Rape of Nanking” "I did not imagine that such cruel people existed in the modern world.“—Western Observer

  22. Marching toward World War "I drove down to the waterfront in my car. And to get to the gate I had to just climb over masses of bodies accumulated there…The car just had to drive over these dead bodies...as I waited for the launch...a group of smoking, chattering Japanese officers overseeing the massacring of a battalion of Chinese captured troops…They were marching about in groups of about 15, machine-gunning them.“ As he departed, he saw 200 men being executed in 10 minutes to the apparent enjoyment of Japanese military spectators. He concluded that the rape of Nanjing was "one of the great atrocities of modern times". Tillman Durdin—New York Times

  23. Marching toward World War "There probably is no crime that has not been committed in this city today. Thirty girls were taken from the language school [where she worked] last night, and today I have heard scores of heartbreaking stories of girls who were taken from their homes last night - one of the girls was but 12 years old…How many thousands were mowed down by guns or bayoneted we shall probably never know. For in many cases oil was thrown over their bodies and then they were burned…Charred bodies tell the tales of some of these tragedies." She suffered a nervous breakdown in 1940, returned to the US, and committed suicide in 1941. -- from the Diary of American Minnie Vautrin

  24. Marching toward World War Francisco Franco Italian Invasion • Ethiopia (1935) • Haile Selassie Spanish Civil War (1936) • Francisco Franco • Guernica (1937) Haile Salassie

  25. Guernica

  26. What are the images of? For whom were the images created? What is the artist trying to convey?

  27. Marching toward World War Rome-Berlin Axis (1936) • Anti-Comintern Pact Austria (1937)— “Anschluss” Munich Conference (1938) • Appeasement • Neville Chamberlain • Sudetenland Nonaggression Pact (1939) Poland (Sept. 1, 1939) • Finland (March 1940), Denmark and Norway (April 1940)

  28. Austrian Annexation

  29. Neville Chamberlain

  30. Munich Conference “We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude…we have sustained a defeat without a war…And do not suppose that this is the end…This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a bitter cup which will be proffered to us year by year unless, by a supreme recover of moral health and martial vigor, we arise and take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.” Winston Churchill—before the House of Commons Oct. 5, 1938

  31. Poland “When starting and waging a war it is not right that matters, but victory. Close your hearts to pity. Act brutally. Eighty million people must obtain what is their right…The wholesale destruction of Poland is the military objective. Speed is the main thing. Pursuit until complete annihilation.” -- Adolf Hitler

  32. World War II: Axis on the March French Invasion • Phony War “Sitzkrieg” • Maginot Line • Dunkirk • Vichy France • Charles de Gaulle • “Free French” Charles de Gaulle

  33. World War II: Axis on the March Battle of Britain • Winston Churchill • Royal Air Force (RAF) Axis Conquest • North Africa • Erwin Rommel—”Desert Fox” • AfrikaKorps • Balkans • Operation Barbarossa (June 22, 1941) US Isolationism • Cash and Carry • Lend-Lease Act

  34. Battle of Britain

  35. Erwin Rommel

  36. World War II: Propaganda

  37. "The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing“ Edmund Burke 18th cent. Irish Politician

  38. ArbeitMachtFrei— “Work will make you free”—Dachau World War II: Holocaust Nuremberg Laws (1935) Kristallnacht (1938) Warsaw Ghetto (1940-1943) “Final Solution” • Killing Squads Extermination Camps • Auschwitz

  39. First they came for the communists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a communist; Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out—because I was not a trade unionist; Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out—because I was not a Jew; Then they came for me—and there was no one left to speak out for me.

  40. Kristallnacht

  41. Warsaw Ghetto

  42. “Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed myfaith forever…Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust…Never.”—Elie Wiesel

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