Hemingway and Fitzgerald

1. Hemingway and Fitzgerald

2. Content Ⅰ. The Lost Generation Ⅱ. Ernest Hemingway Ⅲ. F. Scott Fitzgerald

3. Ⅰ. The Lost Generation The Lost Generation is a term used to describea group of American intellectuals, poets, artists andwritersfled to France in the post WWI years toreject the values of American materialism and toseek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris. American poetGertrude Steinactually coined the expression "lost generation." The main representatives of Lost Generation include F. Scott Fitzgerald,Ernest Hemingwayand John Dos Passos.

4. Ⅱ. Ernest Hemingway 1. Life Experience 2. His Works 3. The Old Man and the Sea 4. A Clean and Well-Lighted Place

5. 1. Life Experience Ambulance driver in Italy in WWI Correspondent for the Toronto Star Correspondent on the loyalist side during the Spanish Civil War He fought in WWII and then settled in Cuba in 1945. Increasingly plagued by ill health and mental problems, and in July, 1961, he committed suicide by shooting himself.

6. 2. His Works The Sun Also Rise (1926) A Farewell to Arms(1929) Death in the Afternoon (1932） Green Hills of Africa (1935) To Have and Have Not (1937) The Fifth Column (his only play 1938) For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) Across the River and into the Trees (1950) The Old Man and the Sea(1952) Paris: A Moveable Feast (1964) Islands in the Stream (1970)

7. 3. Literary Style Iceberg Theory: The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. Theory of Omission: If you leave out impor- tant things or events that you know about, the story is strengthened. If you leave or skip something because you do not know it, the story will be worthless.

8. 4. The Old Man and the Sea This short novel won the 1953 Pulitzer Prizefor Fiction and played a significant role in Hemingway’s selection for theNobel Prizefor Literature in 1954. Plot Summary Main Characters Major Themes Writing Style

9. Plot Summary

10. Main Characters Santiago: Pride & Determination, Endurance Manolin: Symbol of uncompromised love and fidelity; Representation of the regeneration of Santiago The marlin The sea

11. Major Themes Unity: between Santiago and his natural environment, between contradictory elements Heroism: Triumph over crushing adversity is the heart of heroism, and to be a hero, Santiago’s tribulations must be monumental. Manhood: to behave with honor and dignity: to not succumb to suffering, to accept one's duty without complaint, and to display a maximum of self-control.

12. Writing Style 1) Iceberg Principle: His sentences only give one small bit of the meaning. The rest is implied. One must go very deep beneath the surface to understand the full meaning of his writing. 2) Code Hero: According to Hemingway code, a man is defined by will, pride, and endurance, not merely involving physical strength, sexual potency, or ability to accumulate wealth.

13. Writing Style 3) Emphasis on Emotion: He was interested in conveying a deep emotional feeling, recreating the feelings of the situation or experience in the reader, arouse an involuntary subjective response. 4) Symbolism: The Marlin—ideal opponent; a creature brings out the best in Santiago: strength, courage, love, and respect The Sharks—destructive laws of the universe; laws can be transcended only when equals fight to the death

14. Writing Style • 5) Colloquial style • Influence from Mark Twain and his journalist career • Concrete, specific, common-found words • Simple, short, even ungrammatical sentences • Direct, clear and positive style, yet highly connotative • The Nobel Prize Committee praised Hemingway had “powerful style forming mastery of the art”.

15. 5. A Clean and Well-Lighted Place Themes 1)loneliness, fear Of the three characters, two older men are experiencing extreme loneliness. 2) nada (nothingness) It was not fear or dread … It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too… Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada….”

16. According to Martin Heidegger , Nothingness contained all outside efforts imposed on people. Nada was boundless and beyond description, but no one can escape from it . Moreover, Heidegger thought that Nothingness was different from fear and dread. In Heidegger’s philosophical system, he regarded human being’s living state as three concepts: Sorge(concern), Furcht(fear) and Angst(anxiety), Death. Nada is actually the experience of one’s own existence.

17. 3) time Thoreau wrote, "time is but the stream I go a-fishing in." As we age, time can mean different things depending on our feelings toward mortality. 4) contempt for orthodox religion The older waiter recites the Lord's Prayer, substituting the word nada for key religious terms in the prayer( religion is a poor antidote for the desperate feeling)

18. 2.Techniques 1)contrasts light and dark, beginnings and ends, experience and youth 2)symbolism the lights, shadows, and the tidy café The darkness symbolizes Nada, while the lights symbolizes the hope. Although Nada commonly exists in people’s life, the only way to resist the darkness is to keep a clean and well-lighted place in the soul, that is, love, dignity and sympathy.

19. Ⅲ. F. Scott Fitzgerald 1. Life Experience 2. His Works 3. The Great Gatsby

20. 1. Life Experience He is best known for his novels and short stories which chronicle the excesses of America's 'Jazz Age' during the 1920s

21. 1. Life Experience • Born into a fairly well-to-do family in St Paul, Minnesota in 1896 • In 1917 he was drafted into the army. • In 1920, his first novel, This Side of Paradise, became an instant success. • In the same year he married the beautiful Zelda Sayre and together they embarked on a rich life of endless parties.

22. 1. Life Experience • First success with The Beautiful and the Damned (1922), and The Great Gatsby(1925) • It was also at this time that Fitzgerald wrote many of his short stories which helped to pay for his extravagant lifestyle. • The bubble burst in the 1930s when Zelda became increasingly troubled by mental illness. • Tender Is the Night (1934) was not well received in America and he turned to script-writing in Hollywood for the final three years • He died in 1940.

23. 2. His Works • This Side of Paradise (1920) 《人间天堂》 • Flappers and Philosophers (1920) 《姑娘们与哲学家》 • The Beautiful and the Damned (1922) 《漂亮的冤家》 • Tales of the Jazz Age (1922) 《爵士乐时代的故事》 • The Great Gatsby (1925) 《了不起的盖茨比》 • Tender Is the Night (1934) 《夜色温柔》 • The Last Tycoon (1941) 《最后的大亨》

24. 3. The Great Gatsby • The Plot • Narrator • Setting • Point of View • Major Characters • Theme • Appreciate Chapter Nine

25. The Plot The setting is New York City and Long Island during the 1920s. Nick Carraway, the narrator, is a young Princeton man, who works as a bond broker in Manhattan. He becomes involved in the life of his neighbor at Long Island , Jay Gatsby, shady and mysterious financier, who is entertaining hundreds of guests at lavish parties. Gatsby reveals to Nick, that he and Nick's cousin Daisy Fay Buchanan, had a brief affair before the war. However, Daisy married Tom Buchanan, a rich but boring man of social position. Gatsby lost Daisy because he had no money, but he is still in love with her.

26. The Plot He persuades Nick to bring him and Daisy together again. Gatsby tries to convince Daisy to leave Tom, who, in turn, reveals that Gatsby has made his money from bootlegging（贩私酒）. Daisy, driving Gatsby's car, hits and kills Tom's mistress, Myrtle Wilson, unaware of her identity. Gatsby remains silent to protect Daisy. Tom tells Myrtle's husband it was Gatsby who killed his wife. Wilson murders Gatsby and then commits suicide. Nick is left to arrange Gatsby's funeral, attended only Gatsby's father and one former guest.

27. Narrator: Nick Carraway; Carraway not only narrates the story but implies that he is the book's author Point of View: Nick Carraway narrates in both first and third person, presenting only what he himself observes. Setting: The story takes place during the 1920's, there are four major settings: East Egg West Egg The valley of ashes New York City

28. Setting The West Egg is the "less fashionable" side of Long Island where Gatsby and Nick live. The East Egg is the “fashionable” side of Long Island where the Buchanans （Daisy and Tom) and other "old money" people live. The Valley of Ashes is the desolate wasteland where the Wilsons live. New York City is a symbol of what America has become in the 1920‘s : a place where anything goes, where money is made and bootleggers(酿私酒者） flourish, and where the World Series can be fixed by a man such as Meyer Wolfsheim.

29. Major Characters Nick Carraway - The narrator of the novel; moves from the Midwest to New York to learn the bond business.

30. Major Characters Jay Gatsby - Lives next to Nick in a mansion（豪宅）; throws huge parties, complete with catered food, open bars, and orchestras; people come from everywhere to attend these parties, but no one seems to know much about the host.

31. Major Characters Daisy Buchanan – Shallow（肤浅的） girl who is the emodiment（体现） of Gatsby's dreams; she was going to marry Gatsby but he went off to war. Tom Buchanan- Husband of Daisy; a cruel man who lives life irresponsibly.

32. Major Characters Jordan Baker - A cynical and conceited woman who cheats in golf; wants Nick to go out with her. Myrtle Wilson - Tom has an affair with this married woman, and then abandons her after he become bored with her. George Wilson - Myrtle Wilson ‘s husband, who killed Gatsby and committed suicide after his wife’s death.

33. Theme • ----The decline of the American Dream • The hollowness of the upper class • Culture clash Early European settlers—— through hard work, courage, and determination one can achieve financial and personal success It has led to an emphasis on material wealth as a measure of success and/ or happiness.

34. Appreciate Chapter Nine Questions: 1. What is the American Dream? 2. What is Gatsby’s dream? 3. Why Gatsby is great ?

35. Homework 1. What's your thought of reading A Clean, Well-Lighted Place? Please write a comment on it. 2.Search for William Faulkner’s personal information and main content and writing style of his The Sound and the Fury, and report to the class.