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A. S. Wylie, Jr. and J. R. Wood Michigan Technological University

Explore the permeability and porosity distribution in a Niagaran Reef Trend field using visualization aids and modeling techniques. Analyze core samples by rock type to understand key trends and optimize well completions for improved reservoir performance.

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A. S. Wylie, Jr. and J. R. Wood Michigan Technological University

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  1. Permeability and Porosity Imaging of a Niagaran Reef Permeability [md] 30 A. S. Wylie, Jr. and J. R. Wood Michigan Technological University 0

  2. Niagaran Reef TrendField Location Belle River Mills Gill (1977)

  3. Niagaran Reef – Generalized Facies Salina Evaporite and Carbonate Units Enclose Reefs Time Surface ? Debatable STROMATOLITE MAP (next) BOUNDSTONE REEF CONGLOMERATE WACKESTONE 500 ft VE 2X 500 ft after Gill (1977)

  4. XSEC N 10 11 Maximum height 400 ft above Non-reef Brown Niagaran Deviated well Belle River Mills Structure MapTop Reef -1900 14 -1600 Cored Well (34 total) 0.5 mile CI: 50 ft Reef Well Reef Rubble Well

  5. Niagaran StratigraphyBelle River Mills –Rock Types MAP (previous) Rock Type Color Codes Gill (1977)

  6. Core – Porosity & Permeability (all samples in Reef by Rock Type) Avg-11 md (761) [13, 100-7000] Avg-10.7% (761) 0 35 0 100 Avg-260 md (2259) [416, 100-7000] Avg-10.7% (2259) 0 35 0 100 Avg-79 md (1824) [231, 100-7000] Avg-9.4% (1824) 0 35 0 100 Avg-48 md (177) [22, 100-7000] Gill (1977) Avg-9.9 (177) Number of samples (###) 0 35 0 100

  7. Core Phi vs. Perm – By Rock Type STROMATOLITE n=1824 WACKESTONE n=761 Permeability (md) CONGLOMERATE BOUND STONE n=177 Porosity (%) n=2259

  8. Visualization Orientation – 2D and 3D example views Vertical Exaggeration (VE) – 1X to 10X

  9. Visualization Animation Example – Permeability 25 – 30+ millidarcies Stromatolite Wackestone non-reef Niagaran cored interval Boundstone Conglomerate VE 10X

  10. Reef Permeability Cumulative Percent – all samples 30 md (70%) > 30 md RESET to 30 md Percent Core Permeability (millidarcies) 4980 samples

  11. Reef Permeability – By Rock Type 30 md (70%) > 30 md RESET to 30 md Percent Core Permeability (millidarcies) 4980 samples

  12. Permeability Distributionred voxels are 27 – 30+ millidarcies VE 10X Many other methods for modeling permeability

  13. Log Curve Amplitude Slicing- Review WEST EAST • Any regularly sampled data from boreholes SLICES Top Reef (e.g. Log or Core curve data) • One or more correlative, bounding time-surfaces 250 ft Base Reef, Time-surface (?) 0.5

  14. Niagaran Core – One Permeability Slice 31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up 0 100md Belle River Mills Reef Limit 23672 (log scale) 23672 PERM CURVE Zero Perm Boundary SLICE 175 N Contour Interval 4 millidarcies 1 mile Well/Core Control Point

  15. Niagaran Core Permeability Animation 31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up 0 100md Belle River Mills Reef Limit 23672 (log scale) N Contour Interval 4 millidarcies 1 mile Well/Core Control Point

  16. Reef Porosity – By Rock TypeCumulative Percent Percent Core Porosity (%) 4980 samples

  17. Niagaran Core – One Porosity Slice 31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up PHI 0 20% Belle River Mills Reef Limit 23672 23672 PHI CURVE SLICE 175 Zero Phi Boundary Contour Interval 4% porosity N 1 mile Well/Core Control Point

  18. Niagaran Core Porosity Animation 31 Wells Slicing Bottom Up PHI 0 20% Belle River Mills Reef Limit 23672 Contour Interval 4% porosity N 1 mile Well/Core Control Point

  19. Key Trends – Core Perm, Core Phi & GR Core Permeability Core Porosity Gamma Ray Slice 324 UppermostBOUNDSTONE more control wells Slice 145 WACKESTONE

  20. What can we do with these models ?

  21. 2D and 3D Visualization aids interpretation of Permeability and Porosity Trends in the Reef ( 25+ md ) VE 10X Better targeting analysis for vertical and horizontal wells

  22. Perforated Intervals versus Permeability 20 - 30+ md VE 10X Perforated interval (original) Improved completions, secondary, and tertiary projects

  23. BEST POROSITY BEST PERMEABILITY ( 25+ md ) ( > 13% ) Best Storage versus Best Deliverability Perforated interval VE10X

  24. BEST POROSITY BEST PERMEABILITY ( 25+ md ) ( > 13% ) Storage and Deliverability vs. Rock Type Rock Types VE10X

  25. Results/Conclusions • Location of best porosity (storage capacity) and best permeability (deliverability) does not always coincide in the reservoir (reef) • Existing well data used to model reservoir porosity and permeability distribution • Methodology uses affordable software

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