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Public Opinion Public Opinion Forming Public Opinion Measuring Public Opinion ] Public Opinion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion > Public Opinion Public Opinion • Defining Public Opinion • Political Values • Forms of Disagreement Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/public-opinion-6/public-opinion-44/
Public Opinion > Forming Public Opinion Forming Public Opinion • Forming Political Values • Models of Political Socialization • From Political Values to Ideology • Socioeconomic and Racial Demographics • Family, Peers, Church, and School • The Mass Media • Political Leaders and Opinion Makers • Major Life and Political Events • Political Knowledge Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/public-opinion-6/forming-public-opinion-45/
Public Opinion > Measuring Public Opinion Measuring Public Opinion • Constructing Public Opinion Surveys • Early Public Opinion Research and Polling • The Gallup Organization • The National Election Studies • Types of Polls • Conducting Polls • Analyzing Data • Sampling Techniques • The Importance of Accuracy • The Problems with Polls • Telephone and Internet Polling Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/public-opinion-6/measuring-public-opinion-46/
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Public Opinion Key terms • agentAn active power or cause; that which has the power to produce an effect. • aggregateA mass, assemblage, or sum of particulars; something consisting of elements but considered as a whole. • civil disobedienceA form of social protest, involving the active but non-violent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of an established authority, because they are considered to be morally wrong or detrimental. • Closed-Ended QuestionA closed-ended question asks the respondent to pick an answer from a given number of options. • Cultural ValueCultures have values that are largely shared by their members. • Entrance PollAn entrance poll is taken directly before voters cast their votes; the voter is unlikely change his/her mind after the poll, typically making the margin of error lower than that of an opinion poll. • Exit PollAn exit poll is taken immediately after the voters have exited the polling stations. Pollsters conduct exit polls to gain an early indication as to how an election has turned out. • Finite Population CorrectionThe "finite population correction" (FPC) is used to adjust the margin of error to account for the added precision gained by sampling a larger percentage of the population. • framingthe construction and presentation of a fact or issue "framed" from a particular perspective • Gallup PollThe Gallup Poll is the division of Gallup that regularly conducts public opinion polls in more than 140 countries around the world. Gallup Polls are often referenced in the mass media as a reliable and objective measurement of public opinion. • George GallupGeorge Gallup conducted a small but scientific survey that correctly predicted a landslide victory for Roosevelt in the Roosevelt-Landon race, thus establishing the Gallup Poll. • Internet PollsInternet polls are becoming an essential research tool for a variety of research fields, including marketing and official statistics research. Web polls are faster, simpler, and cheaper than many other polling methods. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, jurist and social reformer. He is regarded as the founder of modern utilitarianism. • latentExisting or present, but concealed. • life cycleThe developmental history of an individual or group in society; the course of stages through which a human passes from birth until death. • Literary DigestThe Literary Digest was an influential general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. When the Digest conducted their 1936 election using an inaccurate sample causing them to predict the wrong winner, they lost all credibility and the Digest itself soon went out of business. • Literary DigestThe Literary Digest was an influential general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. When the Digest conducted their 1936 election using an inaccurate sample causing them to predict the wrong winner, they lost all credibility and the Digest itself soon went out of business. • Literary DigestThe Literary Digest was an influential general interest weekly magazine published by Funk & Wagnalls. When the Digest conducted their 1936 election using an inaccurate sample causing them to predict the wrong winner, they lost all credibility and the Digest itself soon went out of business. • margin of errorThe margin of error is a statistic that expresses the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results. • margin of errorexpression of the lack of precision in the results obtained from a sample • mass mediaThe mass media are media technologies like broadcast media and print media that are designed to reach a large audience by mass communication. • National Election StudiesThe American National Election Studies is the leading academically-run national survey of voters in the United States, conducted before and after every presidential election. • Open-Ended QuestionAn open-ended question asks the respondent to formulate his/her own answer. • opinion leaderThe agent who is an active media user and who interprets the meaning of media messages or content for lower-end media users. Typically the opinion leader is held in high esteem by those who accept his or her opinions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • Opinion PollAn opinion poll, sometimes simply referred to as a "poll," is a survey of public opinion from a particular sample. Opinion polls are usually designed to represent the opinions of a population by conducting a series of questions and then extrapolating generalities in ratio or within confidence intervals. • peersA group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and similar age. • Personal ValuePersonal Values provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable, constructive, etc. Values generate behaviour and help solve common human problems for survival by comparative rankings of value, the results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what they do and in what order they choose to do them. • political dissentPolitical dissent refers to any expression designed to convey dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. • political equalitya system in which all people have the same rights and freedoms to participate in government and its institutions • political generationA group of individuals, similar in age, who share a general set of political socialization experiences. • political ideologyA political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals that explains how society should work, and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. It focuses on type of government and economy. • political socializationThe "developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors." It refers to a learning process by which political norms and behavior are transmitted from one generation to another. • political socializationThe "developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors. " It refers to a learning process by which political norms and behavior are transmitted from one generation to another. • political socializationThe "developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors. " It refers to a learning process by which political norms and behavior are transmitted from one generation to another. • political socializationThe "developmental processes by which children and adolescents acquire political cognition, attitudes, and behaviors. " It refers to a learning process by which political norms and behavior are transmitted from one generation to another. • political toleranceA fair, objective, and permissive attitude toward those whose opinions, practices, race, religion, nationality, etc., differ from one's own. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • public opinionThe opinion of the public, the popular view. • punditA self-professed expert in a particular field, especially as called upon to provide comments or opinions in the media; a commentator, a critic. • rational ignoranceThe belief that the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide. • red-state blue-state divideThe Red State-Blue State Divide is a geographical division of the United States into states in which the majority of people voted for the Republican candidate and states in which the majority voted for the Democratic candidate. • rule of lawThe doctrine that no individual is above the law and that everyone must answer to it. • Self-Selection BiasAlthough individuals chosen to participate in surveys are often randomly sampled, errors due to non-response may exist. Some prospective respondents may simply be less likely to respond to polls generally, they may not be interested in the subject, or they may be unreachable for a variety of reasons. • Simple Random SamplingA simple random sampling (SRS) is a sample of a given size in which all such subsets of the frame are given an equal probability to be chosen. • socioeconomic statusSocioeconomic status (SES) is a combined economic and sociological measurement of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation. • Stratified SamplingStratified sampling is a method of probability sampling such that sub-populations within an overall population are identified and included in the sample selected in a balanced way. • Stratified SamplingStratified sampling is a method of probability sampling such that sub-populations within an overall population are identified and included in the sample selected in a balanced way. • Systematic SamplingSystematic sampling relies on arranging the target population according to some ordering scheme, a random start, and then selecting elements at regular intervals through that ordered list. • Telephone PollingTelephone polling is also fairly cost efficient, depending on local call charge structure, which makes it good for large national (or international) sampling frames. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • The American VoterThe American Voter (1960) a seminal study of voting behavior in the United States, authored by Angus Campbell, Philip Converse, Warren Miller, and Donald Stokes, colleagues at the University of Michigan. • The Gallup OrganizationGallup Inc. was founded in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization. Today, Gallup, Inc. is primarily a research-based, performance-management consulting company. • The Harrisburg PennsylvanianThe Harrisburg Pennsylvanian was the publication that conducted the first example of an opinion poll during the Jackson-Adams presidential race. • Tracking PollA tracking poll is a poll repeated at intervals generally averaged over a trailing window. • value systemA hierarchy of values that all moral agents possess, demonstrated by their choices. Most people's value systems differ, making the imposition of a singular value system by the state a source of constant social warfare. This is an individualistic concept. One's value system is molded by one's virtues or vices. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion Student Protesters Student activists in the 1960s protested against US involvement in the Vietnam War. Some activists developed more favorable attitudes toward government as they matured, had families, and became homeowners. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Student Vietnam War protesters."CC BY 2.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Student_Vietnam_War_protesters.JPGView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Political Values by Geographic Region This map of the different party strength in the 2004 Presidential Election (red states voted Republican and blue states voted Democrat) demonstrates the relationship between political socialization and geography. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Gastner map redblue byarea bystate."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gastner_map_redblue_byarea_bystate.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion George Gallup George H. Gallup was the founder of the Gallup Poll. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."George Gallup."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Gallup.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Venn Diagram: A Subset B This Venn diagram illustrates the sample population within the larger, general population. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Venn A subset B."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Venn_A_subset_B.svgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Normal Distribution Curve The normal distribution curve can help indicate if the results of a survey are significant and what the margin of error may be. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."The Normal Distribution."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Normal_Distribution.svgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Margin of Error This normal distribution curve illustrates the points of various margin of errors. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Marginoferror95."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marginoferror95.PNGView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion The American Voter An image of the publication that was influenced by early ANES data. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Angus Campbell - The American Voter (1960)."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angus_Campbell_-_The_American_Voter_(1960).jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Accepting Political Legitimacy In the 2000 election, most Americans quickly accepted the legitimacy of the Supreme Court's decision. Teaching people to accept the "rules of the game," as in this situation, is an important function of political socialization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."05 05 RFC WDC 6jun98."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:05_05_RFC_WDC_6jun98.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Teaching Younger Generations Political socialization involves one generation passing on political values and norms to the next generation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Defense.gov photo essay 071203-D-0653H-272."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_071203-D-0653H-272.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Voter Poll Voter polling questionnaire on display at the Smithsonian Institution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Opinion polls."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_pollsView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Pledging Allegiance Children learn political values through political socialization. This can occur through rituals, such as the recitation of the pledge of allegiance at the beginning of each school day. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."US Navy 111110-N-AU127-064 Service members recite the Pledge of Allegiance with preschoolers to recognize and honor the symbolism of the national e."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_111110-N-AU127-064_Service_members_recite_the_Pledge_of_Allegiance_with_preschoolers_to_recognize_and_honor_the_symbolism_of_the_national_e.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion The Literary Digest The Literary Digest conducted the first national poll. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."LiteraryDigest-19210219."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LiteraryDigest-19210219.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Equal Justice under Law The inscription on the front of the United States Supreme Court building reads, "equal justice under law. " This phrase emphasizes the centrality of the rule of law in American political values. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."United states supreme court building."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_states_supreme_court_building.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Family Participation in Politics Members of the Kennedy family have been prominently involved in politics for over a century, illustrating how the desire to participate in politics can be passed on generationally. Family is an important agent of political socialization. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ARC194238-JFK-Robert-Edward.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion News Media Increasing exposure to news media has both a positive and negative effects on the formation of political values in young people. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."CNN Center newsroom1."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CNN_Center_newsroom1.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Questionnaire This is an example of a questionnaire. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Questionnaire."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Questionnaire.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Direct Action Mohandas Gandhi and supporters Salt March on March 12, 1930. This was an act of non-violent direct action. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Direct action."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_actionView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Number of fixed telephone lines globally This chart shows the numbers of fixed telephone lines from 1997 to 2007. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants 1997-2007 ITU."CC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fixed_telephone_lines_per_100_inhabitants_1997-2007_ITU.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Voter Poll Voter polling questionnaire on display at the Smithsonian Institution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Opinion polls."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_pollsView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Hillary Rodham Clinton Secretary of State Hillary Clinton is one of an increasing number of women who has achieved a highly visible political leadership role. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Secretary Clinton 8x10 2400 1."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Secretary_Clinton_8x10_2400_1.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Latin Kings Socialization Political socialization does not always mean people are being socialized to accept mainstream political views. The gang "The Latin Kings" (insignia shown) socializes members to violence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."ALKQN 5 SWEATER PATCH."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ALKQN_5_SWEATER_PATCH.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Importance of Peer Groups Spending time with peers, such as participating in organized sports, can be an important source of political socialization for young adults. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Gpsouthbaseball2004."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gpsouthbaseball2004.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Opinion Leaders Opinion leaders, such as Stephen Colbert, often shape public opinion. People are inclined to follow opinion leaders because of their knowledge and experience. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Stephen Colbert 2 by David Shankbone."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stephen_Colbert_2_by_David_Shankbone.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion George Gallup George H. Gallup was the founder of the Gallup Poll. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."George Gallup."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Gallup.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Celebrities as Opinion Leaders George Clooney is an example of a celebrity opinion leader. His advocacy for issues in Africa and the Sudan has made him an opinion leader for many people. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Fcad2."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fcad2.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Senior Citizen Involvement People who have not participated in politics much throughout their life may participate more in retirement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Protester 2 at health care reform town hall meeting in West Hartford, Connecticut, 2009-09-02."CC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Protester_2_at_health_care_reform_town_hall_meeting_in_West_Hartford,_Connecticut,_2009-09-02.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Political Knowledge Some people are that political values are formed as a result of political knowledge. Researching two political candidates, as illustrated in this flyer, help increase political knowledge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Turner v Esrati Political-smackdown-poster."CC0 1.0 Universalhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Turner_v_Esrati_Political-smackdown-poster.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion The Literary Digest The Literary Digest conducted the first national poll. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."LiteraryDigest-19210219."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LiteraryDigest-19210219.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Fox News News stations, such as Fox News, provide opportunities for viewers to hear from opinion leaders. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Fox News Channel newsroom."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fox_News_Channel_newsroom.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion September 11, 2001 Major historical or political events, such as September 11th, can impact the political socialization and the formation of political values for an entire generation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."September 11 2001 just collapsed."CC BYhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:September_11_2001_just_collapsed.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Political Ideology Trends As this chart illustrates, not all Americans agree on which should be the predominant political values and ideologies. Also in this chart, it is evident that people align with different ideologies at different points in time. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia."Ideology-trends."Public domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ideology-trends.pngView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion The Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World The Inglehart-Welzel Cultural Map of the World, created by sociopolitical scientists Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel based on the World Values Survey. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Value (personal and cultural)."GNU FDLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural)View on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Poling Station A polling place in New Jersey during the United States presidential election, 2008 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia."Polling Station 2008."Public domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polling_Station_2008.jpgView on Boundless.com
Public Opinion Attribution • Wikipedia."Personal Value."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20Value • Wikipedia."Value theory."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_theory • Wikipedia."Cultural Value."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural%20Value • Wiktionary."value system."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/value_system • Wikipedia."Value (personal and cultural)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural) • Wikipedia."Value (personal and cultural)."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(personal_and_cultural) • Wikipedia."Gallup Poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup%20Poll • Wikipedia."The Gallup Organization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gallup_Organization • Wikipedia."The Gallup Organization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Gallup%20Organization • Wikipedia."National Election Studies."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Election_Studies • Wikipedia."The American Voter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20American%20Voter • Wikipedia."National Election Studies."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Election%20Studies • Wikipedia."The American Voter."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Voter • Wikipedia."Entrance Poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrance%20Poll • Wikipedia."Exit Poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit%20Poll • Wikipedia."Opinion poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll • Wikipedia."Push poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_poll Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • Wikipedia."Exit poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exit_poll • Wikipedia."Entrance poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrance_poll • Wikipedia."Deliberative opinion poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliberative_opinion_poll • Wikipedia."Straw poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw_poll • Wikipedia."Open access poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access_poll • Wikipedia."Tracking Poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking%20Poll • Wikipedia."Sampling techniques."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_techniques • Wikipedia."Stratified Sampling."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified%20Sampling • Wikipedia."Simple Random Sampling."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple%20Random%20Sampling • Wikipedia."Systematic Sampling."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systematic%20Sampling • Wiktionary."aggregate."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aggregate • Wikipedia."Public opinion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_opinion • Wiktionary."public opinion."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/public_opinion • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//sociology/definition/jeremy-bentham • Wikipedia."George Gallup."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Gallup • Wikipedia."Opinion poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll%23History • Wikipedia."Literary Digest."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary%20Digest • Wikipedia."The Harrisburg Pennsylvanian."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Harrisburg%20Pennsylvanian • Wikipedia."Survey methodology."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_methodology Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
Public Opinion • Wikipedia."Questionnaire construction."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questionnaire_construction • Wikipedia."Stratified Sampling."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratified%20Sampling • Wikipedia."Closed-Ended Question."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed-Ended%20Question • Wikipedia."Open-Ended Question."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-Ended%20Question • Wikipedia."political socialization."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/political%20socialization • Wikipedia."Rational ignorance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_ignorance • Wikipedia."rational ignorance."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/rational%20ignorance • Wikipedia."Social research."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research%23Guidelines_for_.22good_research.22 • Wikipedia."Opinion poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll • Wikipedia."Literary Digest."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary%20Digest • Wikipedia."Official statistics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_statistics%23Quality_criteria_to_be_respected • Wikipedia."Social research."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research%23Guidelines_for_.22good_research.22 • Wikipedia."Opinion poll."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll • Wikipedia."Literary Digest."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary%20Digest • Wikipedia."Official statistics."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_statistics%23Quality_criteria_to_be_respected • Wiktionary."latent."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/latent • Boundless Learning."Boundless."CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com//political-science/definition/peers • Wiktionary."agent."CC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agent • OpenStax CNX."OpenStax College, Introduction to Sociology. September 17, 2013."CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m42825/latest/?collection=col11407/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
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