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Receivables

Learn about classifying receivables, accounting methods for uncollectible accounts, direct write-off, and allowance methods. Understand notes receivable, reporting on the balance sheet, and evaluating efficiency in collecting receivables.

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Receivables

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  1. Receivables Chapter 8

  2. Learning Objectives Describe the common classes of receivables. Describe the accounting for uncollectible receivables. Describe the direct write-off method of accounting for uncollectible receivables. Describe the allowance method of accounting for uncollectible receivables. Compare the direct write-off and allowance methods of accounting for uncollectible accounts.

  3. Learning Objectives Describe the accounting for notes receivable. Describe the reporting of receivables on the balance sheet. Describe and illustrate the use of accounts receivable turnover and number of days’ sales in receivables to evaluate a company’s efficiency in collecting its receivables.

  4. Learning Objective 1 Describe the common classes of receivables.

  5. LO 1 Classification of Receivables • Accounts receivable are normally expected to be collected within a relatively short period, such as 30 or 60 days.

  6. LO 1 Classification of Receivables • Notes receivable are amounts that customers owe for which a formal, written instrument of credit has been issued.

  7. LO 1 Classification of Receivables • Other receivables expected to be collected within one year are classified as current assets. If collection is expected beyond one year, these receivables are classified as noncurrent assets and reported under the caption Investments. Examples of other receivables include: • Interest receivable • Taxes receivable • Receivables from officers or employees

  8. Learning Objective 2 Describe the accounting for uncollectible receivables.

  9. Uncollectible Receivables Companies often sell their receivables to other companies. This is called factoring the receivables, and the buyer of the receivables is called a factor. LO 2

  10. Uncollectible Receivables Regardless of how careful a company is in granting credit, some credit sales will be uncollectible. The operating expense recorded from uncollectible receivables is called bad debt expense, uncollectible accounts expense, or doubtful accounts expense. LO 2

  11. LO 2 Uncollectible Receivables • Some indications that an account may be uncollectible include the following: • The receivable is past due. • The customer does not respond to the company’s attempts to collect. • The customer files for bankruptcy. • The customer closes its business. • The company cannot locate the customer.

  12. Uncollectible Receivables The direct write-off method of accounting for uncollectible receivables records bad debt expense only when an account is determined to be worthless. The allowance method records bad debt expense by estimating uncollectible accounts at the end of the accounting period. LO 2

  13. Learning Objective 3 Describe the direct write-off method of accounting for uncollectible receivables.

  14. Direct Write-Off Method LO 3 On May 10, a $4,200 account receivable from D. L. Ross has been determined to be uncollectible.

  15. Direct Write-Off Method LO 3 The account written off on May 10 is later collected on November 21. Reinstatement entry Receipt of cash entry

  16. EE 8-1

  17. Learning Objective 4 Describe the allowance method of accounting for uncollectible receivables.

  18. The Allowance Method The specific customer accounts cannot be decreased, so a contra account, Allowance forDoubtful Accounts, is credited. LO 4 On December 31, ExTone Company estimates that a total of $30,000 of the $200,000 balance of their accounts receivable will eventually be uncollectible.

  19. The Allowance Method The net amount that is expected to be collected, $170,000 ($200,000 – $30,000), is called the net realizable value(NRV)of the receivables. The adjusting entry reduces receivables to the NRV and matches uncollectible expenses with revenues. LO 4

  20. The Allowance Method Note that the allowance account credited earlier is debited at the write-off, not Bad Debt Expense. LO 4 On January 21, John Parker’s account of $6,000 is written off because it is uncollectible.

  21. The Allowance Method LO 4

  22. The Allowance Method LO 4 During 2012, ExTone Company writes off $26,750 of uncollectible accounts, including the $6,000 account of John Parker. After posting all entries to write off uncollectible amounts, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will have a credit balance of $3,250 ($30,000 – $26,750).

  23. The Allowance Method LO 4 If ExTone Company had written off $32,100 in accounts receivable during 2012, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts would have a debit balance of $2,100.

  24. The Allowance Method LO 4 Nancy Smith’s account of $5,000, which was written off on April 2, is later collected on June 10. Two entries are needed: one to reinstate Nancy Smith’s account and a second to record receipt of the cash. Reinstatement entry Receipt of cash entry

  25. EE 8-2

  26. Estimating Uncollectibles The allowance method requires an estimate of uncollectible accounts at the end of the period. Two methods are used to estimate the amount debited to Bad Debt Expense: Percent of sales method Analysis of receivables method LO 4

  27. Percent of Sales Method LO 4 If ExTone Company’s credit sales for the period are $3,000,000 and it is estimated that 3/4% will be uncollectible, Bad Debt Expense is debited for $22,500 ($3,000,000 x .0075). This approach disregards the balance of $3,250 in the allowance account before the adjustment.

  28. Percent of Sales Method LO 4 After the following adjusting entry on December 31 is posted, Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will have a balance of $25,750 ($3,250 + $22,500).

  29. Percent of Sales Method LO 4

  30. Percent of Sales Method EE 8-3

  31. Analysis of Receivables Method The longer an account receivable is outstanding, the less likely it is that it will be collected. Basing the estimate of uncollectible accounts on how long specific amounts have been outstanding is called aging the receivables. LO 4

  32. Analysis of Receivables Method The analysis of receivables method is applied as follows: Step 1: The due date of each account receivable is determined. Step 2: The number of days each account is past due is determined. Step 3: Each account is placed in an aged class according to its days past due. LO 4

  33. LO 4 Analysis of Receivables Method • Step 4: The totals for each aged class are determined. • Step 5:The total of each aged class is multiplied by an estimated percentage of uncollectible accounts for that class. • Step 6:The estimated total of uncollectible accounts is determined as the sum of the uncollectible accounts for each aged class.

  34. Analysis of Receivables Method The preceding steps are summarized in an aging schedule, and this overall process is called aging the receivables. LO 4

  35. LO 4 Analysis of Receivables Method

  36. Analysis of Receivables Method The estimate based on the age of receivables is compared to the balance in the allowance account to determine the amount of the adjusting entry. LO 4

  37. Analysis of Receivables Method LO 4 ExTone Company has an unadjusted credit balance of $3,250 in Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. In Exhibit 1, the estimated uncollectible accounts totaled $26,490. The amount to be added to the allowance account is $23,240 ($26,490 – $3,250). The adjusting entry is as follows:

  38. Analysis of Receivables Method LO 4 After the preceding adjusting entry is posted to the ledger, ExTone Company’s Allowance for Doubtful Accounts will have an adjusted balance of $26,490. This is the amount that was determined by aging the accounts. (continued)

  39. Same amount as the estimated amount determined by the aging process. LO 4 Analysis of Receivables Method (concluded)

  40. LO 4 Analysis of Receivables Method If ExTone Company’s unadjusted balance of the allowance account had been a debit balance of $2,100, the amount of the adjustment would have been $28,590 ($26,490 + $2,100).

  41. The Commercial Collection Agency Section of the Commercial Law League of America reported these collection rates by number of months past due. LO 4 Analysis of Receivables Method

  42. EE 8-4

  43. Comparing Estimation Methods LO 4

  44. Learning Objective 5 Compare the direct write-off and allowance methods of accounting for uncollectible accounts.

  45. LO 5

  46. Comparing Methods The primary differences between the direct write-off and allowance methods are summarized below. LO 5

  47. Learning Objective 6 Describe the accounting for notes receivable.

  48. Characteristics of Notes Receivable A note receivable, or promissory note, is a written document containing a promise to pay. Characteristics of a promissory note are: The maker is the party making the promise to pay. The payee is the party to whom the note is payable. The face amount is the amount the note is written for on its face. LO 6 (continued)

  49. LO 6 Characteristics of Notes Receivable • The issuance date is the date a note is issued. • The due date or maturity date is the date the note is to be paid. • The term of a note is the amount of time between the issuance and due dates. • The interest rate is the rate of interest that must be paid on the face amount for the term of the note.

  50. Notes Receivable LO 6

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