GSM Architecture

1. GSM Architecture

2. Network Components • Switching System(SS) • Base Station System(BSS)

3. B T S B T S MSC VLR B T S MSC VLR OSS ( HLR PSTN ISDN Data Networks BSC A Interface A-bis interface Air interface

4. ERICSSON’S GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE Switching System MIN SDP EIR AUC SCF HLR BGW ILR Other PLMNsz MC (MXE) GMSC SOG MSC/VLR Public Data Networks PSTN DTI SSF OSS ISDN

5. Base Station System TRC BSC RBS

7. Network Structure • Cell A cell is the basic unit of a cellular system and is defined as the radio coverage given by one BS antenna system. Each cell is assigned a unique CGI.

8. Network Structure LOCATION AREA A LA is defined as a group of cells.Within the network, a subsriber’s location is known by the LA which they are in. The identity of the LA in which an MS is currently located is stored in the VLR. (LAI)

9. Cells & LA LA2 LA3 LA1 VLR LA6 C3 LA4 C2 C1 MSC C4 C5 LA5 C6 C=CELL

10. Network Structure • MSC Service Area An MSC Service Area is made up of LAs and represents the geographical part of the network controlled by one MSC.

11. MSC Service Area LA2 LA3 LA1 VLR MSC LA4 LA6 LA5

12. Network Structure • PLMN SERVICE AREA A PLMN service area is the entire set of cells served by one network operator and is defined as the area in which an operator offers radio coverage and access to its network.

13. V PLMN Service Area I II I MSC MSC VLR VLR MSC MSC VLR III IV

14. Network Structure • GSM SERVICE AREA The GSM service area is the entire geographical area in which a subscriber can gain access to a GSM network.

15. Relation between areas in GSM Location Area Cell Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area

16. Mobile Station • GSM MSs consist of: • Mobile Equipment • Subscriber Identity Module

17. Functions of Mobile Station • Voice and data transmission& receipt • Frequency and time synchronization • Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells • Provision of location updates even during inactive state

18. Mobile Station • Discontinuous Transmission(DTX) • Discontinuous reception(DRX) • MS identified by unique IMEI • STAR#06#

19. SIM Fixed data stored for the subscription: • IMSI, • Authentication Key, Ki • Security Algorithms:kc,A3,A8 • PIN&PUK

20. SIM • Temporary network data: • Location area of subscriber and forbidden PLMNs • Service data: • language preference, advice of charge

21. KEY TERMS An MS can have one of the following states : • Idle: the MS is ON but a call is not in progress. • Active: the MS is ON and a call is in progress. • Detached: the MS is OFF.

22. The following table defined the key terms used to describe GSM mobile traffic cases (there are no traffic cases in detached mode):

24. Network Identities • MSISDN • IMSI • TMSI • MSRN • IMEI

25. MSISDN • Mobile Station ISDN Number • The MSISDN is registered in the telephone directory and used by the calling party for dialing. • MSISDN shall not exceed 15 digits. • NDC--National Destination Code • SN--Subscriber Number 1 to 3 digits Variable Variable CC NDC SN MSISDN : not more than 15 digits

26. IMSI • International mobile subscriber Identity • The IMSI is an unique identity which is used internationally and used within the network to identify the mobile subscribers. • The IMSI is stored in the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR database.

27. 3 digits Not more than 9 digits MCC MNC MSIN NMSI IMSI : Max. 15 digits IMSI 3 digits MCC--Mobile Country Code, MNC--Mobile N/W Code, MSIN--Mobile Station Identification Number NMSI--National Mobile Station Identity,assigned by Individual Administration. Mobile station Identification Number. It identifies the subs. In a PLMN. First 3 digit identifies the Logical HLR-id of Mobile subs.

28. Temporary Mobile subscriber Identity • TMSI is a temporary IMSI no. made known to an MS at registration. • The VLR assigns a TMSI to each mobile subscribers entering the VLR area. • Assigned only after successful authentication. • TMSI has only local significance i.e. within VLR area & controlled by the VLR. • TMSI changes on location updation. • TMSI is less than 8 digit.

29. MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number • The MSRN is used in the GMSC to set up a connection to the visited MSC/VLR. • MSRN--is a temporary identity which is assigned during the establishment of a call to a roaming subs. CC SN NDC CC--Country Code, NDC--National Destination Code, SN– Servicing Node

30. IMEI • International Mobile Equipment Identity • The IMEI is an unique code allocated to each mobile equipment. It is checked in the EIR. • IMEI check List • White List • Grey List • Black List

31. MSC/VLR BSC BSC BSC n BTS n BTS BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS) BSS

32. FUNCTIONS OF BTS • Radio resources • Signal Processing • Signaling link management • Synchronization • Local maintenance handling • Functional supervision and Testing

33. FUNCTIONS OF BSC • Radio Network management • RBS Management • TRC Handling • Tx. Network Management • Internal BSC O&M • Handling of MS connections

34. BTS BTS MSC BTS BSC BTS BTS BTS MSC-BSS Configurations A BSS A-bis A-bis

35. (PSTN) (BSS) Switching System (SS) SS7 Signalling D Traffic Path VLR HLR AUC C F E Other MSC A EIR MSC

36. MSC Functions • Switcing and call routing • Charging • Service provisioning • Communication with HLR • Communication with VLR • Communication with other MSCs • Control of connected BSCs

37. MSC Functions • Echo canceller operation control • Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR. • Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers • Handle interworking function while working as GMSC

38. VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) • It controls those mobiles roaming in its area. • VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR • One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA. • VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area. • VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing. • IMSI detach and attach operation

39. Data in VLR • IMSI & TMSI • MSISDN • MSRN. • Location Area • Supplementary service parameters • MS category • Authentication Key

40. Home Location Register(HLR) • Reference store for subscriber’s parameters, numbers, authentication & Encryption values. • Current subscriber status and associated VLR. • Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC. • one PLMN may contain one or several HLR.

41. Home Location Register(HLR) • Permanent data in HLR • Data stored is changed only by commands. • IMSI, MS-ISDN number. • Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not ) • Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ). • Supplementary services like call forwarding

42. Home Location Register(HLR) • Temporary data in HLR • The data changes from call to call & is dynamic • MSRN • RAND /SRES and Kc • VLR address , MSC address. • Messages waiting data used for SMS

43. EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER ( EIR ) • This data base stores IMEI for all registered mobile equipments and is unique to every ME. • Only one EIR per PLMN. • White list : IMEI, assigned to valid ME. • Black list : IMEI reported stolen • Gray list : IMEI having problems like faulty software, wrong make of equipment etc.

44. AUthentication Center (AUC) To authenticate the subs. attempting to use a network. AUC is connected to HLR which provides it with authentication parameters and ciphering keys used to ensure network security.

45. AUC Functions To perform subscriber authentication and to establish ciphering procedures on the radio link between the network and MS.

46. AUC Functions • Information provided is called a TRIPLET consists of: • RAND(non predictable random number) • SRES(Signed response) • Kc(ciphering key)

47. Operations and Maintenance Centre OMC The centralized operation of the various units in the system and functions needed to maintain the subsystems. Dynamic monitoring and controlling of the network

48. Functions Of OMC • -O&M data function • -Configuration management • --Fault report and alarm handling • -Performance supervision/management • -Storage of system software and data