A Study of Possibility of Improvement of Physical &Mechanical Characteristics of Damask Fabrics

1. Third International Textile Conference on Textile and Clothing , Lahore ,Pakistan  28th and 29th March 2011 Pearl Continental Hotel Lahore • A Study of Possibility of Improvement of Physical &Mechanical Characteristics of Damask Fabrics • Assoc. Professor Dr. Taher Rajab Kaddar • Department of Textile and Spinning Engineering • Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering • AL-Baath University - Syria • E - mail : dr.t-kadd@mail.sy

2. A Study of Possibility of Improvement of Physical &Mechanical Characteristics of Damask Fabrics • Dr. Taher Rajab Kaddar • Associate Professor • Department of Textile and Spinning Engineering • Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering • AL-Baath University • Syria • E-mail :dr.t-kadd@mail.sy

3. 1-Introduction 1-Introduction: Syrian textile industry works to enhancing the marketing of their products. The physical and mechanical properties play an important role in achieving competitiveness. • The Damask Fabrics area significant heritage products in Syria. Damask Fabrics manufacturing technology, was one of the five weaving technologies centers in Byzantine and Islamic in the early Middle Ages . • It has been in the last century and in this century manufactured from silk , cotton... as Broker fabrics , Damask Fabrics , Al-Aagbani, • Those textiles are still popular despite the competition with foreign industry . • It draw the attention of foreigners in Damascus, and they buy them for their friends and relatives in their country. It is enough to know that the wedding dress of Queen Elizabeth II of Britain was made of the Damascus Brokar tissues. in 1947.

4. 1-Introduction Today's Damask must achieve the requirements of international standard specifications, in order to withstand the challenges which it faces. We have been in this research the definition , Damask history production . Through the practical study in a national company (General Company for spinning and weaving Damascus) were studied physical and mechanical properties of Damask produced in the country (type of yarn used, the linear density ofYarns, tensile strength and elongation of the cloth in the direction of warp and weft, weight per square & longitudinal meter, weave, width, … ) We are produced two new improved varieties with new specifications according to international market requirements to enhance the competitiveness of the company, which makes the Syrian textile industry more effectively. Research constitutes an important contribution in continuous improvement & development of Syrian textile companies. The search results can be applied in all similar textile companies

5. 2 –A brief history When you mention the word Damask, comes to mind immediately the name of Damascus, Syria , called Damask of Fame to Damascus produced by the manufacture of other textiles of high quality. These industries have become a distinctive part of the heritage of Syria. It was made of silk or cotton or linen and is now produced from any raw materials as possible. Damascus people transferred its industry to Andalusia so it's called according to Damascus, Damask has many types such as Atlas and Al-Thaboriand Hermazi and AL-Munier (Enlightening) , AL-Mushem ( Contributor ) and Baptist and Corrugated and Ragged Rainy and Almekhel. Damask width was 145 cm , now has increased to 220 cm. It has lost market share after the nineteenth century out of Muslim Spain, but that it was rarely in some places in the thirteenth century. [2, 17, 18].Italy Damask industry began in the fourteenth century. It is the fourteenth century until the sixteenth century Damask was made in one color drawings of shiny face on the cloth and normal ground. Then was woven from colors yarn , and have been introduced in the metal yarn in it's construction, such as gold and other weft yarn , which gave it a glamorous and beautiful.

6. 2 –A brief history • Damascus is famous intextile manufacturing . (Qaimariya) is called in small India , and depending on the popularity of this industry , the textile trade is concentrated inDamascus ...The industry is still present even today. • During the reign of Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette of Austria at the age of 15 years, married to Louis XVI at the age of 19 years. After months attended a fashion designer and offered her a cloth and said she'll like it because it is very rare and is made in an eastern town known for textile industry and when she saw it said (this is what I want and what I wanted to, I've really liked Damask, Damascus Brokare (Brocade) is unmatched which is befitting for ladies. And spread the ancient The newly dramatically all over the world. Modern Damask produced by A Electronic Weaving Machinery equipped with electronic Jacquard and multi-threaded natural and artificial [1,5,8,15,21,24]. Used in addition to blankets to clothing and home furnishings, upholstery and many other uses. • The Syrian textile industry has risen highly, it is one of the important industries which the government is trying through its plans to overcome all the obstacles encountered in order to create the right atmosphere for Arab and foreign investors to invest in it. It is an strategy industry, depends on the Syrian cotton yarn locally available in abundance.

7. 3 - Classification the Syrian textile heritage There are more than a hundred kind of traditional fabrics, each type of about twenty species, characterized by some of the material and color, drawing, patterns and trimmings, etc. Here are some of them: • Brokare ( Brocade) :A silk cloth decorated with beautiful drawings interspersed with gold thread and silver.  Al-Dema : Afabric invented by man of Damascus . Al-Saieh :epigraphy technical fabric is characterized by bright, made from silk and cotton in different colors. Al-Alajh: type of Alsaih . Blanket: the advantage of fees obtrusive • Al-Agbani: Cloth made from silk, embroidered after waving with brocaded thread or yellow or silver, each drawing or embroidering take a special name .Damask: Gabardine and thick fabric , tapestries weaved his body to the degree of innovation, has gained wide fame, fit the faces of mattresses and sofas. Poplars' Fashions : A modern industry based on making clothing suitable for use embroidered women blouses made of Brocade coats and women's decorative lacy and other popular clothing represent the various Syrian cities and rural areas. • Table1 and Table 2 include Some types of a Damask fabrics. In spite of that machinery textile industries dominated heavily on fabrics manufactured on hand looms , but it are still top of wings exhibitions interested in this kind of art textile .

8. 3 - Classification the Syrian textile heritage • Table 1 Some types of Damask fabrics

9. 3 - Classification the Syrian textile heritage

10. 4 - Methods of producing A Damask fabrics 4-1 - The traditional method for the manufacture of A Damask fabrics: Traditional fabrics are produced currently on hand looms and is as old and low-productivity, It's maintained for the purposes of tourism and are stationed in Damascus as a Professional market , Silk market and Azemeh Palace Museum Figure 1.[26 , 27] . Stages of the manufacturing from natural silk: Kababp( winder) to El-Fattal (twister), and Mosadi(wrapper) and dyer , Almozaiki , Mulki (drawing in) , Weaver and dakkak (dropper) and then turn the fabric to the piston.

11. 4-1 - The traditional method for the manufacture • of A Damask fabrics • From Damascus city – syria Figure 1 hand loom

12. 4 2 - The mechanical method for the manufacture of A Damask Figure 2 shuttle less weaving machine (Ruti)

13. 4-3 – The electronically method for the manufacture of A Damask 4-3 - The electronically method for the manufacture of A Damask: New Damask are made of 100% cotton yarn on electronically jacquard weaving machines, used in upholstery and curtains, mattress covers and bedspreads. This development has allowed to move the 30 000 hooks and speed of 700 rpm [6 , 7,8, 9, 10, 12, 13 ,14, 23,]. The manufacturers of jacquard machines are : Grosse and Schleicher (Germany) ,Bonas( England) and Staubli (France). Stages of technology for the manufacture of Damask of cotton yarn: warping - draw in - Weaving .

14. 5- Case Study 5- Case Study 5-1 - Introduction: The study was conducted in a public company (General Company for Spinning and Weaving Company Damascus), which produces cotton yarn & fabrics, dyed, mercerized and printed. It contains factories for the spinning and weaving, dyeing. 5-2 - Stages of technology for the manufacture Damaskfabrics of cotton yarn Figure 3 Outline of processes for the production of a Damask fabrics on the modern weaving machinery . Figure 4 Outline of the indirect warping machine BENNINGER. -Weaving Machine: Rapier Weaving Machine G6200 SULZER TEXTIL equipped with electronic Jacquard machines GROSSE EJP-2 with 5376 hooks.

15. Figure 3 - technological stapes for the manufacture • of Damask fabrics of cotton yarn Yarns reception and testing Weft yarns preparation ,single ( dyed & white) Warp yarns preparation ,doubled ( dyed & white) Drawing-in , reeding , knotting Sectional warping Weaving Fabric quality control Damask fabrics storage &customer delivering Damask fabrics packaging • Figure 3 - technological stapes for the manufacture • of Damask fabrics of cotton yarn

16. indirect warping machine BENNINGER Figure 4 A diagram of a indirect warping machine BENNINGER

17. 5-3 - Steps of design and manufacturing of A Damask Fabric aided by computercomputer The design section consists of the following devices: scanner, computer and keyboard, graphic table unite and the printer. German software[ 10,20 ] :(GROSSE PROFETIONAL JACQUARD DESIGNE SYSTEM (JAC-ARTIST PRO)).Table 2 consists steps of design and manufacture of computer-assisted Damask: • Table 2 the following steps for the implementation of computer-aided design

18. 5-4- laboratory equipment 5-4- laboratory equipment : count of yarn -SUPERBA to check sliver and yarns, Tex Techno Statimat Me: to examine the tensile strength of yarn and fabrics[3,4,16, 20,22.] . 5-5- Raw materials used for weaving Damask fabrics: Using single-threaded or doubling colored. The table 3 shows Results of tests: • Table 3 shows Results of tests

19. 5-6 - Types of Damask Fabrics which were studded : 5-6 - Types of Damask Fabrics which were studded : Newly Damask are of cotton or synthetic yarn, silk, wool , used in modern varieties of clothing , apparel ,upholstery and curtains, mattress covers and bedspreads. Analysis was conducted and a study of A Damask fabrics produced in the company of the Spinning and Weaving was to extract data on the linear density for Yarns - warp and weft densities - weave - weight per square and longitudinal meter, Cloth width - uses of each type - the number of colors. Tables (from 4 to 6) consists the physical and mechanical properties of Damask fabrics which have been studied and laboratory tested.

20. Table 4 The physical and mechanical properties of Damask fabrics

21. Table 5 physical and mechanical properties of Damask fabrics

22. Table 6 physical and mechanical properties of Damask fabrics

23. 5-7 The new and modern types of Damask fabrics • It was designed and produced two new types of Damask fabrics according to market needs .by GROSSE (CAD / CAM) System German company , • It was conducted the tests of the physical and mechanical characteristics of Damask (1181 ) product, and Damask (2) by modern laboratory devices. • Table (7)shows theresults of a study of the physical & mechanical properties of the modern Damask fabrics.

24. Table 7 physical and mechanical properties of the new improved Damask fabrics:

25. 5-8 Discussion the results of tests The Results of tests of tension resistance in direction of warp and weft for the variety Damask (1181) and Damask (2),were documented and analysed . We have established detailed reports of the analysis and testing results of physical and mechanical properties of Damask in the Department of jacquard fabric , and executive instructions relating to its production, and tension strength and elongation diagrams for produced fabrics, were identified as the values of the terms of the specifications. Observation: we prepared an attachment contains resistance to tension diagrams in direction of weft & warp for all samples

26. 5-8 Discussion the results of tests 1 - The test results of the physical and mechanical characteristics of A Damask Fabrics , tables (from 4 to 7), and the results of tests of resistance to tension in direction of weft & warp of all fabrics produced meet the quality requirements of both functional and aesthetic, to increase the demand for modern products in market, absence of complaints by customers. • 2 -The physical & mechanical properties of yarns affect on Damask fabrics , table (3) show disparity between values of the assumed specification and real values, which affect the physical and mechanical properties, it is necessary to provide good yarns for industry . 3 - Appears from the table 7 the high value of the resistance to tension in direction of warp of the new varieties and increase the weight per square meter of the Damask (1181) and Damask (2) compared with the value of the resistance to tension in direction of warp of the items (705 - 710) in the tables (4-6), due to the use of thick weft yarn in 1181 and a synthetic yarn in the Damask (2) which gives good features .

27. 6 - Suggestions and Conclusions 1 - It has been defined and determined the characterization and classification of Damask fabrics and the physical mechanical specification , and it indicate the need to update the design of Damask to meet the requirements of the tourist industry, which is reflected in the national income , and economic and social development. 2 - The study showed that Damask fabrics still enjoys a worldwide reputation for well-built through a long history back for several centuries is still required in the international market and reflects the Syrian heritage and the nobility of the textile Syrian industry where history come from deep road , for this reason it is recommended the revival of the industry and maintain.

28. 6 - Suggestions and Conclusions • 3 -The production of new Damask fabrics with new drawings and specifications fulfils the requirements of fashion leads to quality & productivity improvement, and increase the products added – value, as the selling price of new products increases to 60% . • 4 - The development of scientific methodology to study, analyze and diagnose the problems of the textile industry, through the research model, which benefit from it the textile companies and the scientific institutes.

29. 6 - Suggestions and Conclusions 5 - The information contained in the research contribute to identify the problems of the state and society and to find solutions and increase the stock of knowledge and keep pace with market requirements and develop product lines. 6 - The results, reports, laboratory analysis diagrams , which has been documented and saved, constitutesa scientific base for developing the Syrian Standard, which improvethe prestige of Damask fabrics in the international market.

30. 7- References

31. 7- References

32. Fig. 5 Jacquard weaving factory, Damascus Fig. 5 Jacquard weaving factory, Damascus

33. Thank you • Dr. Eng. Taher Rajab Kaddar • Associate Professor • Department of Textile and Spinning Engineering • Faculty of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering • AL-Baath University-Syria • E- mail: dr.t-kadd@mail.sy Cell : 00963 933 517314