Do you know my age??

1. Do you know my age??

2. The Importance of Determining the Age of Horses Uses: • Validate advertised age when buying-(pre purchase exams) • Confirming age when racing or showing • Feeding for proper nutrition at various life stages

3. Aging by Teeth • Not foolproof • An art that requires skill and experience • Very old method of aging horses • Error increases with horse’s age • Becomes an educated guess after horse is older than 14 years • Stabled horses tend to appear younger (less tooth wear) • Pastured horses tend to appear older (more tooth wear) • Bishoping- altering teeth to hide age

4. Maxilla Wolf Tooth (when present) Canines Incisors Molars Mandible Premolars Equine Tooth Structure Horses have 24 temporary teeth and up to 42 permanent teeth

5. Deciduous- ID3/3 CD0/0 PD3/3 MD0 • Permanent-I 3/3 C 0-1/0-1 P 3-4/3 M3/3

6. How many teeth does a horse have? A typical adult male horse has 42 permanent teeth, while a typical mare may have 36 teeth, because mares are less likely to have canine (bridle) teeth. A horse’s permanent teeth are about four inches long.

7. Dentition Hypsodonts Two times Incisors 3/3 Canines 1/1 Premolars 3 or 4/3 Molars 3/3 Male total of 40 or 42; female total 36 to 40 Young horse has 24 deciduous teeth Milk teeth 12 incisors “ALSO CALLED: PINCHERS OR NIPPERS” 12 molars

8. Do horses have “baby” teeth? Like humans, horses have two sets of teeth in their lifetimes. The baby teeth, called deciduous teeth, are temporary. The first deciduous incisors may erupt before the foal is born. The last deciduous teeth come in when the horse is about eight months of age. These “baby” teeth will begin to be replaced by adult teeth around the age of 2 ½, and by age 5-6, most horses have all of their permanent teeth.

9. Estimating age using tooth eruption • There are 24 deciduous teeth (“caps”). These come out in pairs, and are pushed out later by the permanent teeth. • The “caps” are usually present at birth or by 1 to 2 weeks of age. • Rule of 3 eights: I#1 (CENTRAL)- 8 days, I#2(MIDDLE)- 8 weeks, and I#3(CORNER)- 8 months -charts may show these as Di1, Di2, Di3 • The number of permanent teeth may vary, depending on if the horse has wolf teeth or canines.

10. Aging - Incisors • Deciduous eruption pattern: Incisors • Central @ 6-8 days • Middle @ 6-8 weeks • Corner @ 6-8 months Permanent eruption Incisors • Central @ 2 .5 years • Middle @ 3.5 years • Corner @ 4.5 years Permanent Premolar eruption • Premolar eruption pattern: • PM 2 @ 2 years 8 months • PM 3 @ 2 years 10 months • PM 4 @ 3 years 8 months Permanent Molar eruption • M1 @ 1 year • M2 @ 2 years • M3 @ 3 - 4 years

11. Cups, stars and spots: • The cup is the center of the infundibulum. Wear of the occlusal surface causes the cup to get smaller and eventually disappear from all lower incisors at about 6-8 years of age leaving the enamel spot in its place. The enamel spot is the deepest part of the infundibulum. The dental starcorresponds with the pulp cavity and appears at 8 years of age in the first incisor. It appears as a line and then changes to a large, round spot as the occlusal surface is worn further.

12. The anatomic relationships between incisor anatomy and the cups and stars seen on the occlusal surface as they wear are depicted in the images and diagrams immediately above. The image on the right shows an incisor of a young horse cut longitudinally while still in the jaw.

13. Central Incisors (also pincers or nippers) Intermediate Incisors Corner Incisors Equine Tooth Structure Age is determined using the 12 front teeth (incisors)

14. Mouthing a Horse for Age In Real Life: Hold the tongue out and to the side with your hand. This restraint provides an unobstructed view and is not painful to the horse.

15. Tooth EmergenceTemporary Teeth (Baby Teeth)GENERALLY A RULE OF 3 8’S (8D, 8W, 8M) Temporary pincers: Birth - 10 days Temporary intermediates: 4 – 8 weeks Temporary corners: 6– 10 months

16. Canine teeth appear: 4-5 years Permanent corners: 4 ½ years Permanent intermediates: 3 ½ years Permanent pincers: 2 ½ years Tooth EmergencePermanent Teeth 6 years old

17. Tooth Wear As horses age, “caps” disappear from incisors 15 years old 6 years old As horses age, teeth become more triangular-shaped

20. What are wolf teeth? The most common first premolars seen in the horse are the uppers and they are shaped similar to small canine teeth. Wolf teeth are the remnants of the first premolars that have now become obsolete with the evolution of the horse. (SOME HORSES HAVE THEM-SOME DON’T) GENERALLY ERUPTS AT 6 MONTHS This is why they are often described as wolf teeth. These sharp teeth, if present, are in the area of the mouth where the bit fits. Wolf teeth may cause the horse some discomfort when pressure is placed on the bit. Therefore, these teeth are usually removed in young riding horses. (AROUND THE AGE OF 2)

21. Wolf tooth • A typically small maxillary wolf tooth (premolar [PM] 1) is present just rostral to PM2.

22. First premolar (PM1): • Wolf tooth • Erupts @ 6 months • Deciduous premolars: • Present at birth. • Sometime referred to as: Shedding teeth or caps.

23. Galvayne’s Groove A mark on the upper corner incisors that appears and disappears in a predictable pattern as horses age Usually appears around the age of 10 years.

24. Galvayne’s Groove A mark on the upper corner incisors that appears and disappears in a predictable pattern as horses age Groove is usually half way down at age 15

25. Galvayne’s Groove A mark on the upper corner incisors that appears and disappears in a predictable pattern as horses age By age 20 the groove usually extends the full length of the tooth

26. Galvayne’s Groove A mark on the upper corner incisors that appears and disappears in a predictable pattern as horses age Groove begins to recede around age 21

27. Galvayne’s Groove A mark on the upper corner incisors that appears and disappears in a predictable pattern as horses age Groove is halfway gone by age 25 and disappears completely around age 30.

28. 7 YEAR NOTCH • 7 year notch Length with age • Disappears at 8 years, returns at 11 “long in the tooth”

29. Shape of teeth • Round 9-11 years • Triangular 14-17 years • Biangular 18-21 years

30. Aging Using Teeth Determine the most likely age for the following horse • 7 years • 14 years • 21 years • 28 years Wear – No Cups

31. Oval Shaped Teeth No Canines Aging Using Teeth Determine the most likely age for the following horse • 1 year • 8 years • 17 years • 26 years

32. Aging Using Teeth Which horse is older? A B

33. Common ages for tooth eruption (page 248 LACP)

34. How does the diet, pasture management and stabling impact dental wear? Mother Nature designed horses to be pasture grazing animals. Horses in the wild normally spend 16 hours a day with their heads down, grazing grass. For a horse to properly process 20-30 pounds of wet-grass forage a day, it uses a wide, crushing chewing pattern. This allows the incisor teeth and cheek teeth to wear at a normal and even rate. Under artificial conditions, horses are fed an abnormal diet (grain and hay) for shorter intervals during the day, with an abnormal head posture (feed tub or hay rack). All of these conditions alter the chewing pattern and adversely affect the way teeth are worn over time.

35. What is cribbing and how does it affect dental care? Cribbing is a stereotypic behavior, or vice, that some horses develop. The horse exhibits cribbing by grabbing onto an inanimate object (fence posts, buckets, stall walls, etc.) with its incisor teeth, pulling the object and often making a sucking sound. Because these horses spend the majority of their time during the day preoccupied with this behavior rather than grazing or eating, they quite often have dental wear problems. The upper incisor teeth (front teeth) are often worn excessively from hours of abnormal attrition. These horses are referred to as "stump suckers.”

36. What does it mean to “float” a horse’s teeth? Routine maintenance of a horse’s mouth has been historically referred to as “floating.” Floating removes the sharp enamel points. Occlusal equilibration is the term now used to describe smoothing enamel points, correcting malocclusion (faulty meeting of the upper and lower teeth), balancing the dental arcades and correcting other dental problems.