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EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH

EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH. Atm4 Read: Kump et al. Chap.4, p. 68-80 Check: Rev. Ques. 1-6, 12; Problem: 2 Why do weather / climate vary around the globe? Why is the response to a global climate perturbation not necessarily uniform around the globe? Objectives:

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EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH

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  1. EOSC 112: THE FLUID EARTH • Atm4 Read: Kump et al. Chap.4, p. 68-80 • Check: Rev. Ques. 1-6, 12; Problem: 2 • Why do weather / climate vary around the globe? • Why is the response to a global climate perturbation not necessarily uniform around the globe? • Objectives: • To describe the global distribution of T and rainfall; • To describe the hydrological cycle. TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  2. 1. Mean air temperature at sea level (January) • Wind patterns affect distribution of T (e.g. wave-like aspect of isotherms) EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  3. Mean air temperature at sea level (July) • Cool Californian Current => cools adjacent land • Hottest regions at ~20°-30° (not at Eq.) • High P, subsiding air, clear sky, low humidity => hot deserts EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  4. Annual T range • Largest T range over land. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  5. Temp. records • High T records: • World: El Azizia, Libya (32°N) 58°C, in 1922 • Western Hem.: Death Valley, CA (36°N) 57°C • Canada: Midale, SK (49°N) 45°C • Low T record: • World: Vostok, Antarctica (78°S) -89°C, 1983 • N.Hem.: Verkhoyansk, Russia (67°N) -68°C • N.America: Snag, Yukon (62°N) -63°C. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  6. Mean annual precipitation • Driest regions near 30° and poles: high P, subsiding air. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  7. Meridional cells & precipitation • Northward shift of cells during summer & southward shift during winter => precip. changes EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  8. Additional comments • Dry “rain shadow” past mountain ranges • e.g. east of Rockies, Andes • Interior of continents far from oceans: drier • Cold coastal currents => less evaporation & cool air => less convection & precipitation over adjacent land. • e.g. Baja California in Mexico, or • Namib Desert along SW Africa. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  9. 2. Hydrological Cycle • Water: 97.5% in ocean, 2.5% on land, 0.001% in atmosphere • Water on land: • 3/4 in polar ice sheets. • Greenland ice sheet melted => 6m global sea level (SL) rise • Antarctic ice sheet melted => 60m SL rise • Some in glaciers, ground water • < 1% in lakes, rivers, soils. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

  10. EOSC 112 lecture Atm-5

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