Chapter 5

1. Chapter 5 Shaping a new nation

2. 5.1: Experimenting with Confederation One American’s Story (pg. 132): Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why did this take place?

3. Terms to know… Republic Republicanism Articles of Confederation Confederation Land Ordinance of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787

4. Americans Debate Republicanism One key issue the Congress had to settle was the relationship between the state and national govts To most people, the colony was the primary govt prior to independence, therefore many believed that the state govt should be more powerful that the newly created national govt in America 18th Century Americans felt that there were too many dumb people living there, and therefore did not want a democracy, hence they favored a republic Republicanism (not the political party today) swept throughout the states

5. Americans Debate Republicanism • There were two schools of thought about how to achieve this: • The govt could only succeed if people placed the nation above their personal interests • The govt would succeed if people were left free to pursue their own political/ economic interests • The 13 states began to draft their individual constitutions—most focused on limiting govt, emphasized liberty rather than equality—differed on suffrage (race, sex, wealth)

6. The Continental Congress Debates • The Continental Congress began drafting a national constitution; three basic questions arose • 1. Representation by population or by state? • The states were all different (population, wealth, size); they decided that each state should get one vote, regardless of its total population • 2. Can the supreme power be divided? • People assumed that a national govt couldn’t share its power w/ lesser govts (states); Articles of Confederation was drafted= a Confederation (loose union of strong state govts) • 3. Who gets the uncharted western lands? • Maryland would not agree to the Articles of Confederation until all states gave up any western land claims to the natl govt

7. The Continental Congress Debates • To est. governing rules for the western land, Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 (turn to pg. 138) • The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 further divided this land into territories, and set requirements as to how these lands might one day become states (did not account for Native Americans) • A district could become territory with a population of 5,000 adult males. Then could send a nonvoting representative to Congress • A territory could write a constitution and apply for statehood with a population of 60,000. • These two land ordinances were the Confederation’s greatest achievements

10. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Congress surveyed the land into squares 6 miles on each side. (townships)

11. Land Ordinance of 1785 • Each town was divided into 36 smaller sections, 640 acres each. (the cost was a minimum of $1 per acre)

12. Land Ordinance of 1785 • People pooled their money in order to be able to afford a piece of land.

13. Theoretical township diagram showing method of numbering sections with adjoining sections.

14. Township Map Sargent County, North Dakota

15. Northwest Ordinance (1787) • When 5,000 free males of voting age settled an area, it became self-governing. • When the population reached 60,000 free citizens, the area could apply for statehood. Ex.) OH, IN, IL, MI, WI • Slavery was outlawed.

17. Objective: To examine the formation of the Articles of Confederation

18. The Articles of Confederation (1781) - the first central government of the United States Congresswas a unicamerallegislature with delegates, or representatives, from each state. - The main power of Congress involved foreign affairs. - All 13 states had to agree on all amendments. - 9 of the 13 states had to agree on all federal laws.

20. * Under the Articles of Confederation, the states had more power than the federal government. Examples: taxation and law enforcement * The Articles of Confederation had a weak federal government on purpose because they were afraid of their experiences with the British monarchy and Parliament.

22. The Confederation Encounters Problems After the initial success of territorial expansion issues, the Confederation began showing it’s weakness when dealing w/ taxation, national debt, Congressional representation, etc. The Articles of Conf. caused Americans to see themselves as individual states, not one nation The 1 vote per state rules hurt states w/ large populations (Ga (23,375)= Mass (235,308) Most serious economic problem was the national debt stemming from the war ($190 million)—had to pay back foreign nations/ Continental currency worthless Couldn’t tax or collect revenue from the states

23. Borrowers (Debtors) Lenders (Creditors) VS After the war, Creditors (lenders of $) and debtors (borrowers of $) struggle against one another. Lenders favor high taxes so the states can pay them back--- this sends farmers into debt and many lose their farms because of it. Usefulness of Money- Debtors want to increase the supply of money to lessen its value and enable them to pay off their debts with cheap currency. Creditors want the money supply low so it would keep its full value.

24. Foreign-Relations Problems US does not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on the Great Lakes In 1784, Spain closes Miss. River to American navigation Westerners unable to ship crops east through New Orleans Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign nations

25. Answer the following questions by reading “What was Shays Rebellion” Explain how war could be both good and bad for a country, and then clarify how the Articles of Confederation showed its weakness after the American Revolution. Identify how class warfare was prominent in America during 1786. Who is Daniel Shays, and what did he do? Put in plain words how did Thomas Jefferson reacted to Shays' Rebellion?

26. 5.2: Drafting the Constitution One American’s Story (pg 140): Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why did this take place?

27. Terms to Know… Shays’ Rebellion James Madison Roger Sherman Great Compromise Three-Fifths Compromise Federalism Legislative Branch Executive Branch Judicial Branch Checks and Balances Electoral College

28. Compromise…. “A truly good compromise is when all parties involved are equally dissatisfied with the solution”

29. Shays’ Rebellion • Farmer’s income decreased while taxes increased. • Farmers who could not pay their debts had their farms taken away by debtors courts. Massachusetts farmer Daniel Shays and his supporters occupy a Massachusetts courthouse.

30. • Therefore, in 1786, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers in an attempt to capture a federal arsenal. Men Fighting During Shays' Rebellion

31. • The U.S., without an organized army, was powerless. Massachusetts sent a militia to stop the rebellion.

32. • Shays’ Rebellion convinced many people that the U.S. needed a new, stronger government. • The Articles of Confederation needed to be replaced!

33. This is a picture of Daniel Shays grave in Scottsburg, NY.

34. Nationalists Strengthen the Govt Each state had a large pop of debt-ridden farmers—would Shay’s Rebellion spread from a one-time incident in Massachusetts to more states? The rebellion proved that there needed to be a stronger national govt to handle such situations Biggest issue: trade b/t states (taxes, navigation, etc) James Madison & Alexander Hamilton called for a meeting to decide how to fix the national govt May 1787 12 states (not Rhode Isl) set delegates (55 total) to Pennsylvania State House (same room as Dec. of Ind. 11 years earlier)—these were high class, educated men; Washington was elected presiding officer

36. The convention met to revise the Articles of Confederation, however they decided to scrap it all together and form a brand new govt—there were two big issues that had to be resolved… Big States vs. Small States Madison’s Virginia Plan: bicameral legislature w/ membership based on pop—smaller states rejected Patterson’s New Jersey Plan: A unicameral legislature w/ each state had one vote—large states rejected Roger Sherman’s Great Compromise blended the two: two-house Congress—Senate equal representation/ House based on population. Citizens elected House; state leg would elect Senate Slavery-Related Issues Representation based on pop highlighted key dilemma—would slaved be counted as people? Southern states wanted b/c high concentration of slaves, thus more representation—northern states disagreed Three-Fifths Compromise: 3 out of 5 (60%) of slave pop would be counted for rep. Plantation owners feared that Congress would outlaw slave trade—Congress agreed not to interfere w/slave trade for 20 yrs

37. Creating a New Govt The newly formed govt would be a form of federalism, in which the state and federal govt would share power Powers granted to the federal govt were called delegated or enumerated Powers granted to the states are called reserved powers Both levels of govt also share powers

40. Procedure for electing a president Communication was difficult; most citizens would vote for “their” regional person for president; upper class believed the lower class was not smart enough to make such an important decision. Therefore, the framers of the Constitution didn’t want the popular vote to elect the President (too bad for Al Gore in 2000) The Founders came up w/ a system known as the electoral college, where a group of electors from each state would cast ballots for presidential candidates

41. Understanding today’s Electoral College Each state is given a number based on its total population; The total number of all the states = 538…why? Senate (100) + House (435) + Wash DC (3) = 538 A majority ( 1 more than ½) would be 270—who ever gets to 270 first wins the presidency

43. Saxby Chambliss Johnny Isaacson Tom Price

44. 5.3: Ratifying the Constitution (pg 145) One American’s Story: Who is the main orator of the passage? What is the main idea of the passage? When did this take place? Where did this take place? Why did this take place?

45. Terms you’ll need to know… Ratification Federalists Antifederalists The Federalists Bill of Rights

46. Federalists and Antifederalists Citizens were shocked to see the changed the delegates made in the 4 months creating the Constitution—most thought they would only tweak the Articles of Confederation (painting a room in your house vs tearing down house/ build new one) To approve the newly drafted Constitution, each state had to elect delegates, and hold a special convention to either ratify or reject the Constitution; once 9 states approved ratification, the Constitution would become law Federalists—those that favored the Constitution; good balance b/t federal & state govts Antifederalists —those that opposed the new govt; thought it gave too much power to the federal govt

47. Federalist viewpoint • Led by James Madison, John Dickinson, and Alexander Hamilton • Benjamin Franklin and George Washington also backed the Federalists. • The Federalist- series 85 essays defending the Constitution—aimed at getting public support • Federalist cause was generally popular in the cities, but they were outnumbered in the general population. • Well organized and knew how to gather political support • Believed that the system of checks and balances would keep the govt in check

48. Antifederalists • Antifederalists viewpoint • They were less organized and less unified than the Federalists. • Their core consisted of farmers and planters. • Agreed on one central issue: they distrusted any central authority • Believed strong national government would lead to a kind of tyranny like the kind they fought against in the Revolution. • Worried that the government would abuse both states’ rights and individual liberties • Thought the new government favored the educated and wealthy over ordinary people • Led by Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee • Robert Yates, New York delegate, wrote anti-Constitution essays under the name Brutus • They wanted basic human rights added to the Constitution…a Bill of Rights

49. The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification Antifederalists pushed for a national bill of rights to protect the citizens from the powerful natl govt The Federalists promised to add a bill of rights later if the states would go ahead and approve ratification Delaware led the states in ratification, and New Hampshire completed it by being the 9th state to ratify the Constitution in June 1788 Two very important states (New York and Virginia) had not voted, and their support was desperately needed in order for the govt to be successful. July 1788—all of the states had ratified the Constitution by 1789, due in large part of a promise to add a Bill of Rights